Aquatic Resources Technology Degree Programme ( AQT)
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Item Development Of Sea Lettuce (Ulva Lactuca and Ulva Fasciata) Incorporated Crackers(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2016) Egodavitharana, D.I.Consumer demand for functional foods is increasing rapidly. Edible green seaweeds of Ulva species are underutilized in Sri Lanka despite relative abundance. This study examines the potential for producing crackers incorporated with Ulva species as a functional food. Ulva lactuca (UL) and Ulva.fasciata (UF) collected from Southern Coast of Sri Lanka were oven dried separately (40°C/12 h) until moisture content reached below 10% and milled to a coarse powder. Crackers were prepared using wheat flour, incorporating 2% and 4% of UL or UF powder separately. Crackers incorporated with no seaweed was used as a control. Dehydrated seaweed powders and prepared crackers were analyzed for total phenolic content (Folin-Ciocalteu method), total flavonoid content (Aluminum chloride method) and radical scavenging activity (DPPH method). Radical Scavenging Activity (RSA) of UL (47.05+0.78%) and UF (48.4+0.57%) powders displayed no significant difference. Total phenolic content (TPC) of UL and UF powders were 0.80+0.048 and 0.85+0.059 mg gallic acid equivalents/g dry weight respectively (p>0.05). UL and UF powders demonstrated respective total flavonoid contents (TFC) of 9.16+0.57 and 8.38+0.17 mg rutin equivalents/g dry weight (p>0.05). Sensory evaluation revealed higher sensory attributes (p<0.05) in 4% seaweed incorporated crackers compared to control and 2% seaweed incorporated crackers. Compared to control (8.46+0.51%), 4% UL crackers (10.36+0.49%) and 4% UF crackers (9.70+0.40%) had higher crude protein contents (p<0.05). No significant differences were detected in TPC and TFC of 4% and 0% seaweed incorporated crackers (p>0.05) indicating that baking temperature may have considerably destroyed TF and TP. However, RSA of 4% UL (41.09+0.41%) and 4% UF crackers (42.30+0.69%) indicated significantly higher (p<0.05) antioxidant activity compared to control revealing that these seaweeds may contain heat stable chemical constituents besides TF and TP apparently contributing to RSA levels. The study revealed that Ulva species can be incorporated in crackers as a rich source of antioxidants along with colour and flavour propertiesItem Socio-Economic Status of Small Scale Fishery in Koggala Lagoon Sri Lanka(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2016) Mayoshi, M.P.A.Small scale fisheries in Sri Lanka make an important contribution to the livelihood, protein nutrition, and food supply as a developing country. Koggala lagoon in the Southern province of Sri Lanka was selected as a study site due to lack of published research work in this regard. The objectives are studying status related to socio¬economic of small scale fishermen, constrains of small scale fishery in the study area and to recommend optimal management strategies. Fifty fishermen were interviewed using pre-tested structured questionnaire by using a convenience sampling method from January to May 2021. The sample size was selected from five areas in order to scatter around the lagoon. Primary data and secondary data were collected from personal interviews and field observations, past research articles respectively. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze data. According to variables of fishermen information, 100% male fisherman represented in the area. 52% were middle aged fishermen, 36-50 years old. 84% of fishermen were married. 40% fishermen educated up to grade ten. According to job-related variables, 48% fishermen had 16-32 years' - of fishing experience. 42% fishermen had a monthly income range between LKR 20,001- LKR 30,000. 36% fishermen had hired work as an alternative income source other than lagoon fishery. According to information about family, 45% fishermen had medium size family include 4-5 members. According to the study, constrains that related to livelihood were increasing tourism activities, decrease vegetation coverage area around the lagoon, increase illegal fishing activities and increase crocodile population based on questionnaire survey. The Study revealed that most fishermen partially depend on fishing. Results proved they had the satisfactory wealth condition, according to monthly income even though lagoon condition became poorer based on the survey. Based on currently studied constraints that related to livelihood urgently need for conservation of Koggala lagoon sustainably, while enhancing fishermen's livelihood. Keywords: Small Scale fisherman; Koggala; Coastal Fishery; Socio-Economic StatusItem Herbal Tea Utilizing two Brown Seaweeds; Sargassum Cristaefolium and Sargassum Crassifolium(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2016) Silva, S.H.D.K.Sargassum is a genus of brown seaweed rich in bioactive compounds such as fucoidan which has various health-promoting properties including anti-cancer activity, anti-viral activity, and anti-inflammatory activity. This study examines the potential to develop herbal tea using Sargassum cristaefolium and Sargassum crassifolium Seaweeds were collected from the southern coastal area of Sri Lanka and identified using a morphological key. Each seaweed type was thoroughly cleaned, blanched and dehydrated either by oven-drying (40°C for 48h) or freeze-drying technique and ground to a coarse powder. Dried Sargassum powders were analyzed for moisture content, total phenolics (Folin-ciocalteu method), total flavonoids (Aluminum chloride method), radical scavenging activity (DPPH method), total carotenoids, and fucoidan content (spectrophotometric method). Freeze-dried Sargassum powders gave significantly higher total phenolic content (P<0.05) compared to the oven-dried Sargassum powder. Total phenolics content of S.crassifolium and S.cristaefolium were 0.7310.12 and 1.27±0.32 mg gallic acid equivalents/g dry weight, respectively. Total flavonoid contents were not significantly different among the two types of seaweed powder considering one drying method. Freeze-dried Sargassum powders gave significantly higher radical scavenging activity (P<0.05) than oven-dried Sargassum powder. Radical Scavenging activities of freeze-dried S.crassifolium and S.cristaefolium powders were 34.6%±1.87 and 46.8318.30%, respectively. Oven-dried Sargassum powders gave significantly higher total carotenoid content (P<0.05) than freeze-dried powders. For the S.crassifolium it was 1.8810.002 ii,g/g dry weight while it was 1.86±0.089 pg/g dry weight for S.cristaefolium: Freeze-dried Sargassum powder gave higher fucoidan content than oven-dried powder but there was no significant difference in the fucoidan content considering the four treatments and their tea liquors. Fucoidan content of the freeze-dried S.crassifolium seaweed powder was 30.7416.36 mg/200 mL, while that of S.cristaefolium was 30.014.09 mg/200 mL. Highest overall acceptability was taken from the oven-dried S.cristaefolium tea from the sensory evaluation. Results revealed that Sargassum powders can be successfully used as herbal tea with functional properties. Keywords: Antioxidant activity, Freeze-drying, Fucoidan, Herbal tea, SargassumItem Identification and Categorization of Aqua Based Recreational Tourism Activities In Southern Coastal Area of Sri Lanka(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2016) Gayashan, A.G.K.Aqua based recreational tourism industry is one of the trendiest sectors that contributes amply to the economic progress of a country. Although there is a great potential for aqua based recreational tourism activities in Sri Lanka, the absence of a systematic awareness and flow hinder such advancements within the scope. Thus, the study is designed to identify and analyze aqua based recreational tourism activities and a proper categorization and data base have been created to bridge the above gaps. The research data was collected mainly on the basis of questionnaire surveys conducted among fifty tourists and fifty tourist activity operators (water sport trainers, divers, fishermen, guides, etc.) using stratified random sampling method. The responses were analyzed descriptively using Mini tab software and Excel. The categorization was created using five criteria based on literature and survey results. The data base was created using all the important empirical data obtained from the research. Results revealed that, seventeen of major tourist locations and nearly forty of aqua based recreational tourism activities were identified. Additionally, Boat riding in Bentota is identified as the most attractive tourism activity and more than 50 percent of tourist attractions have been reported from Unawatuna, Hikkaduwa and Mirissa. Moreover, disqualified tourist activity operators, lack of facilities (transport, security) and government support have negatively affected to the development of the industry. Whale watching, deep sea fishing, sailing and sport fishing have been identified as the most destructive activities that impact the coastal ecosystem adversely. Through the study, aqua based recreational tourism activities have been divided in to five categories including water sport activities, traditional tourism, nature tourism, under water activities and beach tourism activities. Among these categories, Water sport (33.4%) has been identified as the most popular category. Furthermore, the data base which comprises the analyzed results were linked to a user friendly website. The study suggests that the priority should be given to the aquaculture sector when implementing proper awareness and regular monitoring to develop the industry. Key words: Aqua based, Identified tourism activities, Recreational, tourismItem Status of Coral Reef Ecosystems and Their Persistence with Respect to Long Term Sea Surface Temperature (Sst) Anomalies in the Eastern Coast of Sri Lanka(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2016) Sewwandi, S.W.R.Coral reefs are dynamic, complex and highly sensitive underwater ecosystem in the world. That provide a greater number of advantages to the wider range of reef organisms. The reef fish and macroinvertebrate surveys had been conducted using the fish belt transect method in selected areas of along the Eastern coast i.e., Pigeon Island, Adukkuparu, Kayankerni and Passikudha. A total of 86 reef fish and 64 coral species have been recorded and they belong to 32 fish and 12 coral families respectively. The dominant coral species belonging to the families Acroporidae, Faviidae, and Muscidae. Adukkuparu had been heavily degraded. Coral reefs are dynamic and complex marine habitat which are highly sensitive and susceptible to elevated Sea Surface Temperature (SST) than their optimal maximum temperature (27°C). Satellite remote sensing data can be effectively and efficiently used to spatially and temporally analyzing of SST. The lkm Multiscale Ultrahigh Resolution (MUR) Level 4, SST data from NASA from 2005 to 2020 (15 years) were used for this study also. The area of reefs extended less than 1 Om were demarcated by field surveys followed by polygon layers created by Google Earth Pro (7.3.3). Highly biodiverse and popular shallow reefs (<10m) along the Eastern coast i.e., Pigeon Island, Parrot Rock, Adukkuparu, Kayankerni and Passikudha were selected. The annual average SST from 2005 to 2020 were as 28.95°C, 28.96°C, 28.71°C, 28.71°C, 28.71°C respectively. They will be expected as 29.29°C, 29.29°C, 29.31°C 29.39°C, 29.75°C by 2030 and may vanish the most of remaining live corals. Predominantly extreme SST recorded between 30°C to 31°C in April to May in 2010, 2016 and April to June in 2019 due to El Nilio conditions and they were more sevier in Kayankerni and Passikudha reefs. During the past fifteen years period, mean SST value during the South-West Monsoon (May to September) was calculated as 29.22°C and the mean SST value during North-East Monsoon (December to February) was 27.48 °C.Item The Effect of Coriandrum Sativum as Feed Additives on Growth Performance, Immunity, and Disease Resistance of Southern Platy Fish(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2016) Bowalage, B.W.G.S.L.Ornamental fish production and trade is a profitable alternative in the aquaculture industry. Nutrition is one of the key factors to obtain a higher productivity while maintain immunity of ornamental fishes. These fishes live in an environment surrounded by stress factors. Increasing immunity via feed additives may help them to thrive such stressors. Therefore, this study was carried out to assess the effect of coriander as feed additives and immune enhancers, on growth performance, immunity, and disease resistance of southern platy fish (Xiphophorus maculatus). Sixty healthy platy fish of 2 months old with an average weight of 0.17 ± 0.01 g were used in the experiment. Fish were fed with coriander incorporated commercially available feed for one month. The experiment was triplicated, and controls were also maintained without incorporating coriander to commercially available feed. The weight gain, length and specific growth rate (SGR) were measured. The infection trial was carried out using Aeromonas hydrophila. immune response and disease resistance of fish were determined by analyzing white blood cell (WBC) count. Results revealed that the, mean length and SGR obtained from coriander fed fish were significantly higher than the control (p<0.05). The fish fed with Coriander incorporated feed obtained 20% of neutrophil count while fish fed without coriander incorporated feed obtained 10% of neutrophil count. In conclusion, there was a positive effect on disease resistance and immunity by the coriander incorporated feed on southern platy fishes and significant length and weight gain indicated the feasibility of using coriander as feed additives and immune enhancers in aquaculture. Keywords: Coriandrum sativum; Disease Resistance; Innate Immunity; Ornamental fish; Specific Growth Rate; White Blood CellItem Status of Kin Owledge on Mangrove in Sri Lanka: A Comprehensive Analysis on Twitter"' Social Media Platform and Scopus® Database and Develoment of Mangrove Identification Guide(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2016) Piyatissa, I.A.D.U.N.Mangroves are one of the important ecosystems found in many tropical and subtropical areas. The importance of mangrove ecosystems in Sri Lanka has highlighted in numerous scientific studies and the findings of these studies are disseminated through various publications indexed in popular scholar databases. Moreover, with the advancement of new technologies, knowledge of mangrove is also disseminated on popular social media platforms. Quantification of this information is important in determining the status of knowledge on mangrove and related science communication. In this backdrop, the present study focused on determining the status of knowledge on mangroves using the popular social media platform; TwitterTM and scholarly database; SCOPUS®. In social media analysis, 475 twitter messages/tweets related to the keyword 'Mangrove' was extracted from the TwitterTM database. R programing language and various other packages (TwitteR, tm, word cloud etc.) were used in analyzing the textual data. Topic modeling was employed to identify the latent topics in mangrove-related tweets. Scientometric analysis of mangrove-related studies in Sri Lanka was carried out using the Scopus® database. Results of the TwitterTM analysis showed the existence of various subthemes in mangrove research (e.g. conservation and mangrove rehabilitation etc). Word cloud analysis has indicated that forests, restoration, blue carbon, coastal and communities were dominant keywords. Results of the scientometric analyses of Sri Lankan mangrove studies indicated an increment in mangrove-related publications (p = 0.001, R2= 0.85). The relationship between annual Gross Domestic Production (GDP) and the number of publications was positive (p = 0.001, R2 = 0.83). In contrast to that, a few Sri Lankan authors and institutes/universities dominated in mangrove-related publications. To effectively disseminate the scientific knowledge on mangroves, the present study also focuses on developing a web-based database for easy identification of these mangrove species.Item Community Structure and Molluscs Diversity Associated with Mangroves in Lunama and Kalamatiya Lagoons(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2016) Sewwandi, R.G.S.Mangals have affected to the great variation of biodiversity. Because the Kalamatiya and Lunama lagoons are interconnected, freshwater inputs can be changed the ecosystem. Therefore, diversity variation may indicator to check the present status of the lagoon with the focus of assemblage of molluscs around the mangals. The samples were collected from 10 sites and 3 subplots were selected for each place along the line transect that placed perpendicular to the shore. Freshwater Molluscs species were dominant in the lagoons. There were 10 freshwater species found according to dead shells. A total of 282 specimens of Molluscs belonging to 9 species and 8 families were recorded, of which Thiaridae was the most represented with 2 species. Melanoides turberculate, Pila globosa, and Gyraulus hyptiocyclos, were dominance there. They belong to family Thiaridae , Ampullariidae and Planorboidae.Freshwater species mostly occur site in Lunama lagoon was site 4 and that value in Kalamatiya was site 7. Eight Gastropod species were identified. They belong to family Planorbidae , Ampullariidae, Thiaridae, Lymnaeidae, Ellobiidae, Bithyniidae, and Potamididae. Two bivalves were identified that belong to the family Venerida and Unionidae. According to the Shannon diversity index, high Molluscs richness in the Lunama lagoon was site 4. Low Molluscs richness was site 9. High Molluscs richness in Kalamatiya was site 6 and low Molluscs richness was site 3. According to the Margalef diversity index, High Molluscan dominance in the Lunama lagoon was site 4 and low Molluscan dominance was site 9. High Molluscan dominance in Kalamatiya was site 7 and Low Molluscan dominance was site 3. According to Pielou equation values, Molluscan relative abundance in Lunama was high in site 4 and low in site 9. Site 6 and site 3 respectively High and low Molluscan abundance occurred in Kalamatiya Lagoon. High Molluscan abundance recorded in Kalamatiya lagoon's sites.Low Molluscan abundance sites recorded in Lunama lagoon.The frequency of Molluscan occurrence was high in Exoecharia agallocha roots,Sonneratia caseolaris roots, Lumnitzera racemosa roots, Acrostichum aureum roots, and Typha angustifolia leaves respectively. The information about the present status of the Mollusci diversity with the Mangals in Lunama-Kalamatiya lagoons can provide valuable information for the conservation of the Mangrove forest in this area. Keywords: Abundance; Lunama-Kalamatiya; Shannon; Pielou equation; Margalef indexItem Occurrences of Chlorophyll-A and Phytoplankton Blooms in Different Maritime Zones Around Sri Lanka with Respect to Monsoon Patterns and Sea Surface Temperature Using Remote Sensing Techniques(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2016) Sandamali, G.A.J.Marine phytoplankton plays a vital role as a primary producer, oxygen producer, and carbon absorber; however, their spatiotemporal distribution is little known within the Sri Lankan Ocean. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess the anomalies of chlorophyll-a (CHL-a) concentration which represent phytoplankton biomass in sea margins around Sri Lanka concerning different monsoon patterns and different maritime zones and Sea Surface Temperature (SST) over the past six-year period (2015-2020) by remote sensing analysis. Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) aqua daily images of SST and CHL-a were analyzed by SeaDAS 7.5.3 and then ArcGIS 10.8 was used to clip reprojected raster layers as per different isobath zones (continental shelf, 1000 m & 2000 m) which were demarcated by Google earth pro 7.3.3 and legalized zones (Territorial Sea & EEZ) around Sri Lanka. According to two-way ANOVA, there were significantly different (p<0.05) mean CHL-a and SST concentrations concerning the various Isobath zones, Legalized Zones as well as Monsoon patterns. The highest mean CHL-a value 3.878 mg 111-3 meanwhile the lowest SST 22.74°C was observed in the Southwest Monsson period in continental shelf (< 100 m) in the part of southwest sea margin of Sri Lanka, the lowest CHL-a a 0.12 mg M-3 was found within the EEZ in the First Inter Monsoon. By concerning the past six-year period the highest mean CHL-a values were recorded during the South West Monsoon followed by Second Inter Monsoon, North East Monsoon, and First Inter Monsoon respectively. Mean chlorophyll-a values were reduced towards the open ocean as the continental shelf, territorial sea,, 1000 m isobath, 2000 m isobath, and EEZ consecutively. The reason for the resuresultingferences is strongly suggested due to the uplifting of nutrients drained from terrestrial runoff during the activated monsoons and activation of upwelling systems as reviled by previous studies. However, further studies are needed on nutrient loading with terrestrial runoffs and the level of required trace elements for the growth of phytoplankton. Keywords: Remote Sensing for Chlorophyll-a; MODIS; South West Monsoon; North West Monsoon; Phytoplankton BiomassItem An Analysis of Supply Chain of Small-Scale Fisheries in Loggal Oya Reservoir in Badulla, Sri Lanka.(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2016) Dissanayake, D.M.W.C.J.Loggal Oya Reservoir is one of the minor perennial tanks located in Badulla District, which has higher production rate compared to other minor perennial tanks in the area. However, the supply chain performance, fisheries activities and livelihood condition are not up to the standard level. The current study attempts to recognize the present condition of the fisheries supply chain along with its main stakeholders and their selected socio¬economic characteristics. Moreover, the study also focuses on recognizing the constrains and opportunities related to small scale inland fishery supply chain in Loggal oya reservoir. Primary data were collected using a questionnaire from 59 individuals and while qualitative data was collected through Key Informant Interviews (KIIs) and Focus Group Discussions (FGDs). Additionally, secondary data from various source have also been used and mainly descriptive analysis was employed to accomplish the objectives of the study. Specifically, BCG Matrix, SWOT analysis and Fishbone analysis were used to analyze the supply chain while the Warwick — Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale were used to examine the Wellbeing of the stakeholders. The study reveals that the Loggal Oya fishery supply chain consists of four main stakeholder groups such as fishermen, wholesalers, retailers, and consumers. It is observed that 64% fishermen sell their catch to wholesalers, whereas 34% directly sell their catch to consumers and 2% of the fishermen sell their catch to small-scale value-added producers. In contrast, the study reveals that 60% wholesalers sell their fish to retailers, while 40% sell and transport their fish catch to local markets located in Badulla and Mahiyangana.100% retailers directly sell their fish to consumers. The majority of the stakeholders had a moderate wellbeing in the study area. The analysis further highlighted constrains such as depletion of fish stock, lack of financial availability, lack of training, knowledge and new technologies, and lack of infrastructure facilities in the fisheries supply chain in Loggal oya reservoir. The study emphasizes the requirement of providing appropriate trainings, credit facilities and funds, infrastructure facilities and inputs, improve market facilities, enhance security around the lake and awareness programs as remedies to the recognized constrains. Moreover, the study also recommends promoting value-added production based on fish in order to improve the supply chain and livelihood condition of the stakeholder.Key words: Supply chain analysis; Small-scale fisheries; Inland fishery; WellbeingItem Study on Vegetation Structure, Species Diversity and Pollution of Kaluwamodara Tributary Mangrove Ecosystem(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2016) Deshika, A.A.N.Kaluwamodara mangrove ecosystem is estuarine ecosystem, and the area is slightly urbanized, so carbon emission is high. The area has significant population, but organizations did not pay attention. Six sites were selected based on a preliminary survey and sites one and two were close to the urban area with high human contribution and site six was farthest away. Mangrove vegetation was sampled using transect lines of 15 m in length laid perpendicular to the shoreline. Counted all the individuals as trees, saplings, and seedlings. Height and GBH were recorded along the transect line and species were identified. Recorded the distance to all the plants along the transect line, considering the shoreline as zero. Seven true mangrove species belonging to five families and four associated species were recorded. Diversity was obtained using diversity indices and vegetation structure was obtained by IVI and Complexity index. Site six records highest Shannon (0.9434), Simpson (0.5336), Pielou's (1) diversity values and Complexity Index value (0.1401). Site one has highest Margalef value. Site two records lowest values for Shannon, Simpson, Pielou's and Margalef indexes but site one records lowest Complexity index value. So we can predict that the site six has highest diversity and site two has low diversity as well as site six has complex vegetation structure and site one has least vegetation structure. Rhizophora apiculata has highest Importance Value Index (195.545), so its distribution is more extensive than other species. The highest density of litter (0.5) obtained for site one and lowest density of litter (0.0156) obtained for site six. When consider the CCI, the highest value (10) obtained for site one and lowest value (0.3111) obtained for site six. The highest polluted site was site one and lowest polluted site was site six. The category with highest litter volume is plastic, and the plastic mass of each site was the highest. We can say that the plastic released by humans, floats in the high tide and stays between the roots and this has a high impact on site one and minimal impact on site six. The diversity and vegetation structure of sites above the river is greater than that near the mouth, indicating that a good ecosystem can be maintained by minimizing human activity. Keywords: - Diversity, Mangrove ecosystem, Rhizophora apiculata, Kaluwamodara, CCIItem Development of an Appropriate Micro Propagation Protocol for Nymphaea X Erangae(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2016) Wijekoon, W.M.A.P.The Nymphaea x erangae Yakandawala, Guruge & Yakandawala is one of the most conspicuously attractive and eye catching aquatic plant which has high demand in local and export markets. However the production of these plants takes a long time where wild collection is not sustainable and cannot cater the demand. Micro propagation is one of the best techniques which can be practiced in commercial production of Nymphaea x erangae plants. The studies on Nymphaea x erangae are very limited and the contamination rates is very high when the mother plants are collected from muddy soil media. This research study focuses to investigate the ability to use soil less culture system for mother plants of Nymphaea x erangae to minimize contamination in micro propagation. Three treatments ( duration of 1, 2, and 4 weeks maintenance of mother plants in soil less culture system treated by 0.5g/1 L Albert solution and 1g/10L Fungicide in twice a week) were tested and plants were maintained in muddy soil were used as the control. The leaf blade and rhizome buds were used as explants. The results revealed that Nymphaea x erangae tissue culture in MS media, which were placed for a week in the soil less culture system showed significantly higher (p<0.05) survival rate and 25 % of non contaminated surviving culture vessels after two months, compared to control and other treatments, which is suitable for micropropagation of Nymphaea x erangae in commercial scale.Item Impact of Corona Virus Disease 2019 on Aquaculture and Inland Fisheries Sector with Special Reference to Trincomalee District in Sri Lanka(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2016) Radhakrishnan, L.Corona virus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease spread rapidly across the borders creating pathetic health, economic and social impacts on each and every country in the world. In fact, aquaculture and inland fisheries is one of the industries which has been affected drastically. COVID-19 first time recorded in 2020 in Sri Lanka. This study aims to analyze the impacts of COVED-19 pandemic situation on aquaculture and inland fisheries sector in Trincomalee district focusing on the impacts on the inland capture fisheries and aquaculture community along with production dynamic during the period of 2019 and 2020. Mixed method and Purposive and stratified random sampling techniques have been employed as major methods of sampling during the data collection where a total of 155 individuals who are engaging in aquaculture and inland capture fisheries activities operated under the monitoring of National Aquaculture Development Authority in seven Divisional Secretariat divisions; Kuchchaveli, Morawewa, Trincomalee Town and Gravets, Thambalagamuwa, Kinniya, Muthur, Kanthale located in Trincomalee district. Pre-tested and structured questionnaire was used to collect the primary data from respondents while secondary data were collected from Trincomalee National Aquaculture Development Authority and mainly descriptive analysis was applied by using Microsoft excel to compare the situation before and during COVID-19 in order to accomplish the objectives of the study. The results indicated that Trincomalee district inland fisheries total production was 9% lower in 2020 with compare to the 2019. Apart from that, the study also confirmed the livelihood, education, health & food security, well-being, and happiness of aquaculture and inland fisheries community have been severely affected by the COVID-19, especially during lockdown period. Hence, this study emphasizes the necessity of providing livelihood assistance to such affected household in order to enhance their living standard and need to provide Advice with business continuity planning and Advice on how to prevent infections while maintaining business operations. Keywords: COVID-19; Aquaculture; Inland fisheries; Livelihood; Socio-economicItem Impact of Covid-19 Pandemic on Fish Consumption Patterns in Sri Lanka(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2016) KAPUGE, H.K.D.T.The COVID-19 virus which was originated in Wuhan, China has been rapidly spreading across the globe and consequently the World Health Organization has announced a global emergency condition. The pandemic has drastically changed the dietary and lifestyle patterns of people and specifically consumption of freshwater fish and sea food has been considerably reduced in terms of frequency and level of consumption. The aim of this study is to examine the food fish consumption patterns, production of inland food fish and price variation of fish before and during the period of the COVID-19 in Sri Lanka. A hybrid survey (both online and physical) was carried out in 13 districts and collected primary data from 711 respondents. The Wilcoxon test was employed to compare the selected variables before and during the COVID-19 using in Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The study found inland fish consumption has increased by 13.81% as frequently consuming fish type during COV I D19 pandemic when comparing before COVID-19. Moreover, type of fish, processing methods of fish, fish purchasing places, affordability to buy fish per month, fish purchasing frequency, fish consumption frequency and the amount of fish consumed by family per month were also analyzed and there was significant difference in consumption patterns during the pandemic, compared to before 13th march 2020. Moreover, it is examined 78% of the consumers are aware of the process of cleaning, storage and preparation and also 58.74% of them have changed their cleaning and storage process during COVID-19 period. The average retail food fish price and inland fish production was increased at the end of the lockdown period after first wave of COV I D 19 pandemic from May 2020 when compared to year 2019.The study identified the major differences of the pattern of fish consumption; fish consumption frequency, preference for freshwater food fish during COVID-19 pandemic when compared to before. Keywords: COVID-19; Protein; Dietary pattern; Food price; Fish productionItem Development of a Portable, Cost Effective and User—Friendly Colorimeter for Rapid, in Situ Detection of Bacterial Count in Drinking Water(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2016) Madushani, H.M.M.Having safe drinking and processing water can avoid people from countless diseases. Microbial contamination of water is the major source for water borne diseases. It requires at least 24 hours to obtain results with traditional culture methods and biotechnological bacteria detection methods such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Fluorescence analysis, enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA). They also required special controlled conditions, trained personnel and expensive reagents. Therefore, application of a bacteria detection method for in situ, rapid detection of bacteria count in drinking water with convenience is a timely necessity. Also, it should reduce the cost and time compared to the traditional and biotechnological methods. This study focused on identifying the most suitable staining dye and determining its efficacy on a portable device which was designed for rapid detection of bacterial count in drinking water. This portable device was designed according to the working principle of colorimeter, which explain with Beer — Lambert's law. Concentration of a color solution is directly proportional to the amount of light absorbed by a solution and the length of a light path through the solution. In order to select the most suitable stain for the device, different stains were used to stain bacteria samples. Then they were tested under different parameters to take absorbance values with "Bench Top Spectrophotometer". Bacterial solution of 1x108 (according to MacFarland's' standard) was stained with 11 individual dyes and compared the absorbance values for accuracy with the unstained bacterial sample. Methyl Red (MR) showed higher accuracy and optimization of MR staining was performed with variable time period and stain concentration. The results indicated the best concentration of MR stain as 12.54tL/mL and the optimum time of staining as 30 seconds. Based on the results MR was the most suitable stain to observe bacteria concentration in drinking water using absorbance method. Keywords: Drinking water; Bacteria count; Staining; Portable deviceItem Development of Bioactive Peptides from Hilsa Kelee Fish Crude Protein and Checking the Functional Properties of its Hydrolysates(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2016) Meepegamage, L.S.Hilsa kelee also known as "Karattaya" is a marine pelagic, seasonal fish species which has a high catch during April to September. It mainly used to produce fish meal and baits even though it has high nutrients. Nevertheless, it has a low market value and demand due to its bony structure leading to high wastage. Production of fish Protein Hydrolysates (FPH) can be an alternative. Therefore, the study was designed to determine the functional properties of FPH produced from, Hilsa kelee fish crude protein (water and salt) and determine it's the functional properties of its hydrolysates. Crude protein 20mg/m1 concentrated extractions were mixed with Protease from Bacillus licheniformis (60°C, pH 6.5-8.5), Papain from papaya latex (65°C, pH 5.8-7.0), a-chymotrypsin from bovine pancreas (50°C, pH 7.8) and Elastase from porcine pancreas (37°C, pH 7.8-8.5) separately in 1:100 ratios (enzyme: substrate =1:100). Each sample was incubated under different time period (0, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 24hrs) in their optimum temperatures. According to 15% SDS-PAGE analysis Protease — 3 h for both water and salt extraction, Papain — 6 h for water extraction and 3h for salt extracted FPC, a-chymotrypsin — 6h for both water and salt extraction and Elastase — 6h for both water and salt extraction was determined as the best time combinations. TBARS assay, Ferrous chelation activity and antibacterial activities by agar well diffusion method. All treatments were triplicated (n=3). According to the results obtained from TBARS assay, FPHs from Papain showed highest antioxidant properties (5.84±0.05 MDA mg/1 in water extraction) (p>0.05). Fe (II) chelation activity analysis revealed the FPHs produced from a-chymotrypsin showed the highest chelation (20.81±0.02% in water extraction) (p<0.05). All hydrolysates did not show any antimicrobial activities (p>0.05). Thus, FPHs produced using a-chymotrypsin-3 h contain strong antioxidant activity while others did not contain antimicrobial activity nor iron chelating properties. Keywords: Hilsa kelee, Fish Protein Hydrolysates (FPH), Antioxidant, Metal Chelating, Antibacterial activityItem Comparative Study on Current Fishing Status of Paalameenmadu and Kallar Barmouths in Batticaloa District, Sri Lanka(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2016) Aruniya, K.Batticaloa lagoon is one of the productive estuaries in East cost of Sri Lanka and is connected to the sea at two points as Paalameenmadu and Kallar barmouths. The entire dynamics of the lagoon is based on seasonal opening and closing of the above barmouths which influences the fish catch composition in adjacent areas. Unfortunately, in the recent years timing of opening of barmouth has become more irregular due to various political influences. There were no any studies done to analyse both the direct and indirect affects as well as influences of barmouth opening on fishing. This study collect information on current fishing practices, regular and seasonal catch composition. The level of awareness on fishing regulation and sustainable fishery, and impact of COVID-19 were studied properly. Fisheries data were collected from 10 major barmouth fishery landing sites from January to April 2021. 210 respondents were selected using a stratified random sampling technique. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect responses after a pre-test and analysed with descriptive statistics method using SPSS. The study revealed that Paalameenmadu barmouth was opened annually and Kallar barmouth has been closed for last five years. The most practice crafts in Paalameenmadu is Out board Fiber Reinforced Plastic boats (OFRP) by 35.26% of fishers and 87.04% fishers use small lagoon canoe for fishing in Kallar. Total seven types of fishing gears used, among them hook and line, cast net and dragnet were identified as major fishing gear operated. 30 species have been recorded in catch, representing 17 families. Among them dominant fish families are 17.11% of Scombridae and 14.81% of Penaeidae species in Paalameenmadu. In kallar 18.75% of penaeidae and 16.32% of Gerreidae species recorded. Barmouth opening is favourable for fishing and high amount of 38.57% Penaeidae species caught during barmouth opening period. Fishermen have good awareness on fishing regulation and moderate awareness on importance of fishery resources sustainability. COVID¬19 pandemic has decreased the income of fishermen. Irregular and early barmouth opening have caused certain a reduction in fish production. This research stresses and paves way to sustainable management strategy with further research and stakeholder awareness programmes on lagoon sustainability. Keywords: Lagoon fishery, COVID-19 impacts, Fishery regulations, Sustainable fishing, Seasonal changesItem Fisheries Status f Valaichchenai, Sri Lanka(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2016) Naganathan, Z.Valaichchenai lagoon is one of the major inland fisheries sources in the Batticaloa district and its productivity has been estimated at approximately 3482.21 kg/ha/yr. However, the status of fishery and fishery resources has not been assessed in the past. Therefore, this study aimed to fulfil this research gap. Pilot survey, SWOT analysis and fish bone analysis were conducted. Primary data, including fishing practices, species, marketing system and supply chain, catch per unit effort, implementations and failures of sustainable fishery, and the environmental impacts of fisheries and related activities, were collected using a questionnaire from 242 individuals, group and individual interviews, and direct field observation from January to May 2021. Secondary data were obtained from the Fisheries Department of Batticaloa and from journal articles. Data were statistically analyzed. The study reveals that a total of 12 types of fishing gear and the outrigger lagoon canoe (Thoni) are used. A total number of 38 species were identified during the study period. Higher percentage of fishermen sell their harvest to intermediate vendors and a very small percentage directly sell to the final customer, and the supply chain includes both local and foreign market interventions. Fishers caught 0.009 to 0.027 kg/net square meter-day, and 0.75 to 3.1 kg/day using a gill net and cast net on average, respectively. Regulations for mesh sizes and certain unauthorized activities, licensing system, and seabass cage culture for sustainable fisheries are taking place in Valaichchenai lagoon, but enforcement and monitoring are lacking, no species or size limitations, and no off-season or time limitations. Irresponsible fisheries, shrimp farms/aquaculture, and Valaichchenai fishery harbor cause over-fishing and illegal fishing, seagrass and benthic environment destruction, shrimp farm effluent discharge, waste disposal from cage culture and harbor, visual pollution by seagoing boats and outrigger lagoon canoes (Thoni), fiberglass waste from boat repairing centers in the fisheries harbor, oil spiling, sound pollution, etc. Solutions and recommendations for improving sustainable fishery and lagoon environmental protection, such as introducing co-management system, implementing voluntary code of conducts, strengthening rules and regulations implementation, conducting awareness and training programmes and etc, will help to further management and development. Keywords: Valaichchenai lagoon; Fishery sustainability; Catch per unit effort; Supply chain; Co-management.Item An Overview on Behaviors of Fishing, Fish Consumption and Preservation Techniques of Indigenous Community in Sri Lanka.(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2016) Wijerathne, L.H.P.S.Indigenous communities can be identified as culturally distinct ethnic groups who are native to a particular place. The Veddas, the indigenous community of Sri Lanka are numerically small people verging on extinction (0.20%). Dambana, the most renowned original settlement of the Veddas in Sri Lanka has been arguably considered as the hub of Veddas over the past half a century. Food consumption patterns of the Veddas had been greatly altered during the recent past with the dynamic process of modernization and with changing nature of lifestyle. An adequate and updated attention has not been paid by the existing literature on the consumption of fish along with the processing techniques of the indigenous community of Sri Lanka. Hence, this study examines the level of fish consumption and preservation methods practiced by the indigenous community in Dambana region in Sri Lanka. .A structured questionnaire-based interviews with the indigenous people were conducted along with Key Informant Interviews and a desk review to collect the required data while a descriptive analysis employed to accomplish the objectives of the study. The study observed that a higher preference on fishing (85%) compared to hunting. Previously, the indigenous community used the pots made by crushing the wild herbs, spikes made of iron and wood for fishing. Currently, several fishing gears (net gear and spears) are being adopted to increase the quantity of catching which is required for their growing consumption. Moreover, the results indicate that their fish consumption has increased approximately by 95%. Furthermore 65% pf them consume fish mostly at once/twice a week. Moreover, the study examined those traditional techniques used for cooking, processing and preservation of fish (specific woods such as Cassia fistula and Manilkara hexamer) have been gradually altered and being used modern technology such as refrigerators. Additionally, preference on different fish species in the market has been enhanced (20%). Under this scenario, the study emphasizes the need of protecting traditional fishing and preservation method while facilitating to increase the level of fish consumption of the indigenous community through appropriate strategies. Keywords: Fishing, Fish Consumption, Indigenous community, Preservation Methods, VeddasItem Extract Extraction and Purification of Chitin and Chitosan from Portunus p e agi c u s Crab Shell Waste(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2016) Tissera, W.M.J.C.M.Portunus pelagicus shell waste is highly accumulated in Sri Lankan seafood processing factories, but not many efforts have been taken on utilizing this crab shell waste for commercial level chitin and chitosan extraction with a higher percentage purity. The objective of this study was to modify and develop a scale-up, simple, and high-yielding chemical method for extraction and purification of chitin and chitosan from locally underutilized Portunus pelagicus crab shell waste. Modified process including pretreatment (hot water), pre-demineralization (acetic acid), demineralization (citric acid), deproteinization (NaOH), decolorization (n-butanol) deacetylation (NaOH), and purification (EDTA and SDS) was optimized to obtain a new combination of treatments. Pre-demineralization was introduced as a new step when developing the process. Citric acid was found as the best alternative organic acid to replace HC1 in demineralization. The final product was characterized by X-Ray Diffraction Spectroscopy and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. The yields of crude chitin, crude chitosan, and purified chitosan were 32.52±0.68%, 26.28±0.47%, and 21.780.34% respectively whereas in the control chitin and chitosan the yields were 20.34±0.72% and 13.79±0.93% respectively (p<0.05). The percentage purity of the final product on a weight basis was 82.54±1.73% with a degree of deacetylation of 85.84±2.45%. The XRD data revealed that chitosan extracted from the developed methodology is a semi-crystalline compound with two characteristic crystalline peaks. Chitosan produced from the developed method showed significant results in physicochemical parameters namely moisture (5.27+0.39%), ash (1.95±0.22%), whiteness index (72.37±0.66%), and functional properties namely Water Binding Capacity (318.74+0.48%), Fat Binding Capacity (351.66±0.69%) DPPH free radical scavenging activity (61.12±0.59%) and metal chelating activity (40.19±0.47%) compared with the control (p<0.05) and showed positive antimicrobial activity against locally isolated E. coli at 2.5mg/ml. Thus the methodology developed can be used to obtain high purity and high-quality chitosan with optimum physicochemical and functional properties from crab shell waste. Keywords: Portunus pelagicus, shell waste, Chitosan, Pre-demineralization, XRD, Percentage Purity