Aquatic Resources Technology Degree Programme ( AQT)
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Item UTILIZATION OF UNTAPPED FISH SPECIES AS A PROTEIN SUPPLYMENT IN JUVENILE KOI CARP (Cyprinus carpio carpio) FEED(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2013) SOORASENA, W,C,U.Six weeks of feeding trail was conducted to evaluate the effects of minor cyprinids (Dawkinsia singhala and Puntius chola) on growth of juvenile koi carp (Cyprinus carpio carpio). Two isonitrogenous (350 g kg-1) experimental diets with average lipid level (dry matter) of 8.96 + 0.41 (mean + SD) were prepared (Ti: Dawkinsia singhala based diet, T2: Puntius chola based diet). Commercial diet was used as the control (T3). Each treatment was followed by three replicates and nine cement tanks of 1.5m x 1.2m were used. 100 of juvenile koi fish with initial average weight of 0.58 ± 0.03 g (mean ± SD) were randomly allocated for each tank.Initially fish were fed with 10% of biomass and then 7%, 6%, 5% and 4% of biomass consecutively for each tank and feeding was done thrice per day (09:00, 12:00 and 3:00). All feed ingredients, formulated diets and carcasses were analyzed for proximate composition including moisture, ash, fat and protein in triplicate following AOAC (1995) method. After the six weeks of feeding trail there were no significant differences in weight gain, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio and survival rate among three treatments (P>0.05). However weight gain, specific growth rate and protein efficiency ratio were higher in fish fed Ti and T2 diets than those of fish fed commercial diet (T3). The total cost for Ti and T2 feeds were 160 and 165 (Sri Lankan Rupees (LKR)) respectively while commercial feed was available for 180 (Sri Lankan Rupees (LKR)). The results indicate that selected two minor cyprinid species could be utilized cost effectively as a protein supplement in juvenile koi carp feeds to replace high cost fish meals. Key words: Minor cyprinids, fish feed, Growth and Protein supplement, AquacultureItem PRELIMINARY STUDY ON MUD CRAB FISHERY IN MANNAR DISTRICT(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2013) PUVEENTHIRARAJA, G.Mannar district situated along the West coast of Sri Lanka lies between North latitude 8.8667° to and East longitude 80.0667° was selected as the study site for the current investigation to evaluate the status of mud crab fishery. Mud crab fishery in Mannar is an important livelihood that providing number of employment. Capture species, carapace width, weight of the crabs, capture method, mangrove density and number of fisherman engage in fishing activity were recorded in order to find out the size distribution, harvest pattern of the mud crabs and the existing capture method in that area. The carapace length frequency pattern of Scylla serrala was drawn separately for both male and female of each destination. It shows the crabs with 13 cm-16 cm size influence the harvest and rarely consist with the sizes beyond 19 cm. Moreover the size distribution of crabs shows a vast variation but at the present, the size distribution of Scylla serrala shows a narrow range with the mean carapace width of 15.347 cm and the mean weight of the crab is 600.89 g. The trend shows the strong depletion of stocks while increasing the harvest. There is three conventional crab fishing methods used in harvesting from wild such as crab cage, net and manually with wooden stick within these, cages are preferred by the fishers as its give the high harvest. Data obtain during the study period shown there are two different species harvest despite S.serrala was preferred by the fisherman. Fiw environmental, social and ecological factors impeding production while the more rises the harvest. Seasonal changes influences the crab fishery as its change, higher exploitation of crab was in March and lowest in April. The ecological factors encourage the crab fishery towards the peak while the socio economic state acts as a barrier to develop the fishery furthermore, the ignorance of biology and development planning of crab fishery and culture is a surging issue that leads a steady loss of wild stock. It predicts, in a short periods of time there will be possible depletion of mud crab, and in stressing the authority to take prompt measures to develop breeding technology to cater the crab stocks and regulation should target the crab fishery sector that yet practicing conventional type of fishery and reveal the guidance and importance of sustainable sectorial development of crab fishery and its resources. Key words: Mud crab, Fishery, Depletion, ResourcesItem Integrated Wastewater Treatment Using Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia Crassipes), Giant Salvinia (Salvinia Molesta) and Blue Swimming Crab (Portunuspelagicus) Shell Waste(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2013) SAMARASINGHE, U.S.Industrial waste water emitting from industries cause significant problems in both aspects of environment and human health. Phytoremediation and biosorption are effective and low cost methods for a country like Sri Lanka to treat industrial waste water. The study was carried out to check whether there is a feasibility to utilize combination of Portunus pelagicus shell waste withEichhornia crassipes and Salvinia molesta which are invasive species to Sri Lanka. The best effective dosage of shell powder and amount of plants were investigate to increase dissolve oxygen (DO), remove chemical oxygen demand (COD), neutralize pH and remove total solids (TS), total dissolve solids (TDS), phosphate and heavy metals (Cr, Cd and Cu) and evaluate whether there is an effect of initial heavy metal concentration (0.5 mg/L, 1 mg/L and 1.5 mg/L) and initial phosphate concentration (lmg/L, 2 mg/L and 3 mg/L) on removal efficiency of heavy metal and phosphate respectively. The results show that there is a significant effect on combination of Portunus pelagicus shell waste combine with Eichhornia crassipes and Salvinia molesta on treating waste water (p < 0.05). 4 g of crab shell powder with 200 g of water hyacinth recorded highest DO (4.1 ± 0.16) and highest removal rate of COD (95%), TS (72%), TDS (61%) and Phosphate (65-5% for 1-3 ppm of P03-41evels ) while maximum removal rate of Cr (92-78%), Cu ( 86-70%) and Cd (96-86%) shows by the same treatment. The initial- also significantly effect on the removal efficiency of phosphate and heavy metals (p < 0.05). The removal efficiency of heavy metals noted to be Cd > Cr > Cu after 4 days of contacting time. The metal adsorption capacity depends on adsorbent dosage, pH level, metal ion charge, initial heavy metal concentration, and ionic radius of metal. The results of this study suggested that the combination of Portunus pelagicus shell waste with Eichhornia crassipes and Salvinia molesta is a good combination for treat industrial waste water while controlling freshwater invasive alien species (IAS) load and value addition to crab shell residues.Item DISTRIBUTION, ABUNDANCE AND ASSOCIATED BENTHIC FAUNA OF SEAWEEDS AT POLHENA REEF, MATARA(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2013) EDIRIWEERA, A.N.Seaweeds are one of the major living resources that is frequently found in Polhena reef, Matara and it is vital because of the coral reef enriched with many coral species, seaweed species, sea grass species and marine fauna. Seaweeds are a natural resource exist in the Polhena reef and is important ecologically and commercially. But their growth and distribution throughout the coral reef is not even and abundance of species varies depending on many factors. Significantly external environment factors can influence the distribution, growth and abundance of seaweeds and these factors can influence the inhabiting marine fauna species in seaweeds. Therefore, this research is focused on making out the seaweed species that exist in considered environment, their distribution, diversity, abundance of seaweeds and associated macro fauna species using Line transect method. For the study 3 km area of the reef was selected and five parallel transect lines were laid. Both seaweeds and macro fauna were identified up to the species level and statistical analysis was done. The selected are a was rich with 19 seaweed species and showed variation in seaweed cover with the site and season within the top part (0-10m) of the sites. The variation of seaweed cover shows a difference only in terms of site and no difference with season at the bottom area (10-20 m) of the site. The highest growth of seaweed species was found in month July and the site that gave the highest seaweed cover was site 03. According to the results, the selected area of Polhena reef is rich with seaweeds and associated benthic fauna.Item IDENTIFICATION OF MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF Anisakis spp. AND ITS PREVALENCE ON SWORD FISH (Xiphias gladius)(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2013) KAWSHALYA, A.B.C.Aim of this study was to identify the morphological characteristics of Anisakis spp. and its prevalence on Sword fish (SF) (Xiphias gladius) in FAO zone 57 (Indian Ocean). SF were examined and 320 parasites were collected from infected SF. Morphological examinations of formalin fixed parasites were carried out under light and stereo microscopes. Photographs were taken with a digital camera. Statistical analyzing was done by Minitab 15 software. Mainly one Glade of Anisakis spp. on SF was identified at the genus level using morphological characteristics. These round worms are slender, elongated and cylindrically shaped. Total body length of was 20.00+8.00mm. Dead larvae were yellowish color. Live larvae were white or cream color. Their globular head consists of a boring tooth and triangularly shaped mouth that surrounded by three lips. Longitudinal grooves with ridges are appeared on the outer surface of the body. The tail end is blunt and acquires a mucron. They had transversely striated, thick, smooth cuticle. Mostly L3 larvae of Anisakis Type 1 spp. infected body location on SF was belly flaps. Prevalence (6.93%) and mean intensity (1.45) of L3 larvae of Anisakis Type 1 spp. on SF was low. Freezing fish at -20°C for a minimum of 5 days, smoking the fish at temperatures >65°C, marinating or salting the fish for 10 days, adequately cleaning fish were the control measures for parasites on SF. Key words: Sword fish, Anisakis spp., morphology, prevalence, FAO zone 57.Item DETERMINATION OF THE EFFICIENCY OF CRAB SHELL POWDER FOR THE TREATMENT OF FISH WASTEWATER(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2013) WIJESUNDARA, A.P.Water pollution by industrial wastewater is one of the major problems in the world. Wastewater which are releasing from Seafood processing industries cause high Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and the eutrophication in receiving water bodies. Present study focused on find out the efficiency of different types of crab shell powders vitz; raw crab shell powder, heat treated crab shell powder, chitin and chitosan as a low cost and eco-friendly wastewater treatment method for the reduction of COD in fish wastewater. Also best powder dosage, best pH value and combined effect of heat treated crab shell powder and chitosan which has given highest COD reduction for the fish wastewater have been determined. In the first experiment, contact time, pH, powder type and wastewater amount were kept in constant to determine the most effective powder dosage for each powder type. In the second experiment, contact time, powder dosage, powder type and wastewater amount were kept constant to determine most effective pH value for each powder type. In the third experiment, contact time, powder dosage, combined powder types, wastewater amount and pH value were kept constant to study most effective combined powder ratio of heat treated powder and chitosan. In each experiment COD, pH, temperature, total dissolved solid and turbidity changes were measured. Heat treated powder was selected as the best and cost effective powder type, 0.5 g1-1 powder dosage was selected as the most effective powder dosage, pH 5 was the most effective pH value and 1:3 ratio chitosan: heat treated powder was the best combined ratio for the reduction of COD in fish wastewater. Key words: Chemical Oxygen Demand, Chitin, Chitosan, Eutrophication, TurbidityItem EFFECT OF THE NATURAL CAROTENOID ENRICHED FEED TO COLOR OF THE COLOR REDUSED Lysmata amboinensis SHRIMP IN CAPTIVE CONDITION(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2013) PUSHPAKUMARA, D.M.S.Lysmata amboinensis is a very important marine ornamental shrimp because they have high demand in export market. According to ornamental fish exporters, export orders are mainly depend on these shrimps and they have a good price in export market. The problem however is when they are kept in aquarium condition until they are exported; their natural color is reduced. There for this research was focused on increasing color of the color reduced shrimp. The main objective of the research was enhancement of color of color reduced shrimp by using natural carotenoid enriched feed. For the experiment two experimental diets were used which prepared by using shrimp head meal and Gracillaria corticata. 50 ppm carotenoid level was maintained in two experimental diets. According to results the color of the shrimp was increased by two carotenoid enriched diets and shrimps fed control diet did not show any color enhancement. The color enhancement of shrimps fed with shrimp head diet was significantly different to commercial feed and there was no significant difference with shrimps fed with seaweed enriched diet. The growth performance of the shrimps were observed by calculating total weight gain of shrimps. Result showed that the weight gain of the shrimps fed with shrimp, head enriched diet and seaweed enriched feed significantly differ from each other and there was no significant difference between commercial feed. By considering all the results can conclude that shrimp head is the best feed to enhance color and growth of the color reduced Lysmata amboinensis shrimps. It is also mostly available feed and a waste product of the shrimp processing factory. There for it is a freely available resources which can use to produce most valuable carotenoid source. Key words: Lysmata amboinensis shrimps, Gracillaria corticata, Carotenoid, Color enhancementItem A Study of the Ecological Impact of Traditional Stake-Net Prawn Fisheries in Kavutharimunai, Kilinochchi District on the Blue Swimming Crab and other Non-Target Species, Using Marine Stewardship Council's Risk Based Framework(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2013) Chandrasri, S.Stake-net fishing is one of the oldest means of fishing in the Jaffna Lagoon (Palk Bay), northern Sri Lanka. The fishery is the major source of livelihood for people in Kavutharimunai (9.3359°N 80.0711°E / 9.5663°N 80.1196°E) in Kilinochchi district and the targeted species are Penaeus semisulcatus and P. indicus. High levels of immature Portunus pelagicus caught in stake-nets have been suggested as a threat to overall population of P.pelagicus in Palk Bay. The impact of stake-net on other non- target species is often considered to be a conservation concern for the ecosystem. The study investigated the impact of stake-net fishery in Kavutharimunai on P. pelagicus population and other non-targeted species in the Palk Bay from September to October 2017, sample size was 100 catches, collected for 10 days. Each non-target species was identified. The number and weight of each species was recorded. Thirty-four finfish, two crustacean, one mollusc and one echinoderm species were recorded. Average catching rate was 4.2 kg / fishermen / day. The fishery accounted for targeted species and non-targeted species 58.9% and 41.1% by weight respectively and P. pelagicus21.4% of the total catch. The average weight of P. pelagicus harvested was 2.2 kg/ fisherman/day of that 62% of the crabs caught were mature and 38% were immature. 75% of the non-target species were retained. 25% were discarded. Only one non-target species (P. pelagicus) was prevalent above the 2% / 5% threshold for less resilient / resilient non-targeted species. The results revealed that the impact of stake-net fishery on P.pelagicus (215.6 kg and 38% immature, crabs) is low when compared. The MSC Scoring Guidepost calculated for each main species was >80. The ecological status of P. pelagicus fishery was equivalent to an Unconditional Pass of the MSC's Fishery Assessment Methodology for sustainable fisheries. However, the results of the ecological impact assessment using the Marine Stewardship Council's Risk Based Framework suggested that stake-net fishery is not a conservation concern for other non- targeted species. Hence, new management practices or removal of the stake-net fishery in the area is not needed at the present. Keywords: Stake net prawn fishery, Marine Stewardship council, Non-target speciesItem STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF DEVELOPMENT OF COLOMBO-KATUNAYAKE EXPRESS WAY ON THE BENTHIC HABITATS IN THE NEGOMBO LAGOON(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2013) RANASINGHE, V.S.K.Colombo- Katunayake express way is running through part of the Negombo lagoon called Madabokka. Therefore water circulation of that part is not functioning well. It affects to the biological habitat such as benthic fauna and flora of the lagoon. The aim of this research was to study the present benthic diversity and the sea grass biomass distribution of this part of the lagoon. Sampling was conducted in 16 sites of sie selected trasects in the affected area. Water samples and benthic samples were collected in each study site. Benthic samples were analysed to identify and quantify benthic fauna, pH, salinity, P034- and NO3- were measured. These results were compared with data obtain prior to the construction of Colombo¬Katunayake Express way using mini tab 14 software. According to the results there was a significant difference between prior and after data obtained. Four transect out the 6 showed the significant difference. Other two locations also affected by the express way, did not show the difference because one is situated near to the some kind of inlet and the other location is open to the water current which coming from the Katunaya area. It is concluded that the benthic habitats of the lagoon area called Madabokka heavily affected with the CKE.Item APPLICATION OF GIS TO IDENTIFY POTENTIAL AREAS FOR AQUACULTURE IN BADULLA DISTRICT , UVA PROVINCE(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2013) SANDAMALI, M.A.N.Aquaculture is farming aquatic organisms including fish, mollusks, crustaceans and aquatic plants (FAO, 1990).The main intent of the present study is to highlight the role of Geographic Information System (GIS) in identification of potential areas for aquaculture in Badulla district, because GIS can use as powerful analytic and decision-making tool for the selection of potential and suitable site for aquaculture. The study was carried out in Badulla district, Sri Lanka located at longitude 80°.45 to 81°.15. Latitude 6°.34 to 7°.18. It covers an area of about 2,827 km2 . Secondary sources data have been collected and used to generate maps to identify the fresh water bodies in Badulla district as seasonal tanks, perennial tanks, Stream network and rivers of Badulla district were developed. Water availability (proximity to rivers), soil texture, soil pH, rainfall, temperature and topography (slope, elevation) and land use factors were considered to identify potential areas for aquaculture (pond culture). Water availability, soil texture, soil pH, slope, elevation, rainfall, temperature, land use/ land cover thematic layers were created using ArcGIS 10.1 software. All these thematic layers have been assigned the' weights according to their relative influence on pond construction using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and GIS approach. Finally, all thematic layers have integrated using map algebra in a ArcGIS 10.1 environment to generate an aquaculture potential map. Thus, four aquaculture potential areas have been Identified, viz. "Most suitable", "Suitable", "Fairly suitable", "Unsuitable". The north part of the Badulla district is identified as most suitable and the southern part of the Badulla district is identified fairly and unsuitable for aquaculture. The study thus demonstrates that GIS is very useful tool for delineating aquaculture potential areas in Badulla district. Key words: Aquaculture, Geographic Information System, Analytic. Hierarchy Process, potential areaItem Preliminary Study on Factors Influencing the Mangrove Distribution Around Selected Coastal Lagoons in Sri Lanka(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2013) GAMAGE, S.G.Mangroves are unique and valuable ecosystems, but vulnerable to various natural and anthropogenic threats. Knowledge of the present status of these ecosystems and their distribution is a prerequisite in achieving conservation and management goals. The present study was conducted to find out whether there is a dissimilarity of mangrove distribution between different coastal sectors in Sri Lanka and the most influencing factor(s) for mangrove distribution. In this study, eight coastal lagoons representing eight coastal segments in the island were mapped using freely available Landsat satellite images for the year 2017. A supervised image classification technique in ERDAS IMAGINE 2011 was used to identify mangroves and other land use patterns in the area. From each classified map, the present mangrove extent was derived in ArcMap 10.1. Present mangrove extent of each coastal sector showed dissimilar distribution patterns. Then mangrove distribution influencing factors such as rainfall, maximum wind speed, humidity, temperature, fetch length and freshwater inflow were collected for each lagoon for the past two years. Pearson correlation of factors and the current mangrove extent showed that none of the considered individual factors are statistically significant to influence the distribution pattern and the occurrence (P>0.05). As these casidered factors influence on flora distribution as collective rather than individually, regression analysis was conducted. Results revealed that none of the factors haS collective influence over the mangrove distribution (P>0.05). Hence, the present study arrives at the conclusion that the mangrove distribution in eight coastal sectors in Sri Lanka is different. Even though, rainfall, relative humidity, temperature,' fresh water inflow or wind speed of the environment has no effect on the distribution dynamics of selected coastal lagoon's mangrove extent. If the sample sizes and the number of considered factors increased more significant results could have been obtained. Keywords: Mangroves, Lagoons, GIS, Remote sensingItem DEVELOPMENT OF CALCIUM SUPPLEMENT FROM THE BONES OF YELLOW FIN TUNA (Thunnus albacares)(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2013) GUNAWARDANE, K.A.D.D.S.Calcium supplement is a preparation intended to supply calcium that are missing or not consumed in sufficient quantity in a person's diet and it used to boost the Calcium content of the diet. Calcium supplement for human consumption was prepared by using Yellow fin Tuna (Thunnus albacares) fish bones by several processing steps including, pretreatment by using NaOH, followed by neutralization step and drying. Pretreatment step was carried out by boiling with different Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) concentrations and time combinations. Experimental Design 01 was conducted to determine most suitable range of NaOH Concentration (6%, 8%, 10%) time (70 minutes, 90 minutes, 110 minutes) combination. Experimental Design 02 was carried out to determine best NaOH Concentration (9%, 10%, 11%) time (80 minutes, 90 minutes, 100 minutes) combinations and evaluated the softness and color of the treated fish bones by considering dissolution of fish bones in NaOH solution. After selecting the best sample, treated bones were washed with running tap water for 07 times and drained to remove excess moisture under room temperature (30 °C). Drying step was carried out with Experimental Design 03 (Si - 80 °C,70 minutes, S2 - 80 °C,80 minutes, S3 - 80 °C,90 minutes, S4 - 90 °C,70 minutes, S5 - 90 °C,80 minutes, S6 -90 °C,90 minutes, S7 - 100° C,70 minutes, S8 - 100 °C,80 minutes, S9 - 100 °C,90 minutes) and evaluated the Moisture content, Drying Kinetic Rate Constant and Calcium content for each sample. The selected best sample (S7) was further tested for proximate composition and counted the Total Plate Count (TPC). The most appropriate processing method was evaluated by considering Moisture content, Calcium content and Drying. Kinetic Rate Constant of the samples in Experimental Design 03 and it was boiling the fish bones in 10% NaOH at 90 °C for 80 minutes, neutralization by 07 times and drying the neutralized pretreated fish bones, at 100 °C for 70 minutes. The Proximate composition of the final product (S7) was Crude fat 13.433%, Crude protein 7.303%, Crude ash 75.33% and 5.2% Moisture and Lead content 0.01 mg/Kg. The calcium composition of the selected final product was 30.6% and it met the standard requirements for supplementary foods and this research will be indicate significant role in value addition sector of aquatic byproducts in Sri Lanka. Key words: Calcium supplement, Drying Kinetic Rate Constant (k), Moisture Content, Softness of fish bones, Value addition.Item PERFECTING EXPLANTS STERILIZATION PROCEDURE AND MULTIPLE SHOOT INDUCTION MEDIUM FOR IN VITRO PROPAGATION OF LAGENANDRA SPECIES(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2013) PREMATHILAKE, P. G.A.D.Lagenandra species are important aquatic plants in the aquaculture industry of Sri Lanka. In the absence of a regular supply due to lack of effective propagation methods, Lagenandra species are indiscriminately harvested from the wild to supply to the export market. The threat on the species is further compounded by the loss of their rainforest habitats. Out of six Lagenandra species that occur in Sri Lanka, five are classified as "Highly threatened" species in the red list of international union for the conservation of nature. In order to overcome the problem of species loss and inadequate supply to the local and foreign markets, an in vitro micro- propagation method was developed for Lagenandra lancifolia and Lagenandra ovata. The present investigations were carried out to standardize surface sterilization of explants, evaluate different concentration of growth regulators and evaluate effect of basal media and liquid agitated culture for shoot initiation and multiplication. The study on surface sterilization of Lagenandra ovata revealed that explants treated with combination of 0.2 % mercuric chloride and 25% sodium hypochlorite, showed the highest aseptic culture establishment. Early response for sprouting and bett9r culture establishment of rhizome segments were observed on Murashige and Skoog (MS medium) medium with 5 mgl-1 BAP with presence or absence of IAA. The maximum shoot length was observed full MS media contain 5 mgl-1 BAP with 0.1 mgr 1 IAA. Though there was no leaf formation in semisolid media, 3-4 leaves per plant was observed in liquid media. Maximum number of leave were produced in liquid MS media contain 3 mgl-1 BAP with 0.1 mgl-1 IAA and 5 mgl-1 BAP . But the shoot length of liquid agitated culture was less than semi solid culture. The study on surface sterilization of Lagenandra lancifolia revealed thato, explants treated with combination of 0.2 % mercuric chloride and 20% sodium hypochlorite, showed the highest aseptic culture establishment. Shoots sprouted only on full MS liquid media contain 5 mgl-1 BAP within a period of six weeks. Key words — Explant sterilization, Growth regulator, in vitro propagation, Lagenedra speciesItem ASSESSING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION USING RAMA BUOY DATA(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2013) KALPAGE, R.P.P.Precipitation in the Indian Ocean associated countries depends on the monsoon winds, which is modulated by the intensity of the heating and cooling of the Indian Ocean. Sea surface temperature is an indicator of air-sea interaction, reflecting the heat fluxes in and out of the Indian Ocean. This study is intended to explore any possible relation between the sea surface temperature and precipitation, if any. Results of this study will be contributes to the prediction of monsoon using sea surface temperature. Insitu sea surface temperature, precipitation and wind data, for the period from 2007-12, are collected from the eleven buoys (Bay of Bengal (BoB) -3, Equator (EQ) -2, and south of equator (SoE) - 06), moored under the Array for African-Asian-Australian Monsoon Analysis and Prediction program (RAMA) of the Global Tropical Moored Buoy Array. The buoys are an integral part of the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS) and Global and Climate Observing System (GCOS). Linear correlations were obtained between SST and precipitation in the same region as well as different regions. No any significant correlation was observed between SST and precipitation in the equatorial region and BoB, but significant positive correlation (0.58) was shown in the south of equatorial region. There were significant negative correlations have shown between SST and precipitation in the equator and the south of the equator (0.73), BOB and the south of the equator (0.78), south of the equator and BoB (0.75) respectively. It was found that the rainfall in the south of equator is affected by SST during the northeast monsoon, but rainfall in the north of equator affected by SST during southwest monsoon. Therefore, it can be concluded that the SST has a negative relationship with southwest monsoon in north of equator and northeast monsoon in the south of equator. Key words: Precipitation, RAMA buoy, Sea surface temperature,Item Determination of Suitable Hardening System and Substrate for Micropropagated Anubias Nana and Lagenendra Thwaitesii Species(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2013) JAYASINGHE, J.A.R.A.Lagenandra thwaitesii and Anubias nana which belong to the family of Aaraceae are considered as highly demanded ornamental aquatic plants in the world. Micro-propagation is used as a tool for large scale multiplication of these plants. At the commercial scale, these plants are faced with a major limitation, which is high mortality in transferring of micro- propagated plantlets from the laboratory to the environment. This study mainly focused on examining an effective hardening system and substrate for L. thwaitesii and A.nana. Six weeks aged uniform samples of in-vitro rooted L. thwaitesii and A. nana plantlets were hardened by three different substrates; coconut husk, clay bricks shards and river gravels and three different hardening systems; aquaponic, hydroponic and pot. The performance of plantlets in each substrates was measured using survival and growth parameters such as length of roots, shoots and leaves, wet weight of plantlets, during seven weeks of the hardening period. The collected data were subjected to multivariate analysis at P < 0.05 level. According to the results, systems were significantly affecting on growth performance of L. thwaitesii and A. nana. Highest average values for L. thwaitesii; leaf length (17.7311.11), shoot length (33.87+1.31), root length (73.9712.94) and wet weight (0.5510.03). Highest average values of A. nana; leaf length (23.5411.42), shoot length (35.0111.14). These values were recorded from the aquaponic system. Root length (85.4414.23) and wet weight (0.8510.49) of A. nana were recorded in hydroponic system. The 100%' survival was obtained for both species in aquaponic system. Highest growth performance of L. thwaitesii was given in coconut husk and bricks' shards. All the mentionedithree substrates are suitable for hardening of A. nana. The most suitable hardening system for these two species is the Tilapia based aquaponic system. This novel trend in integrated aquaculture system is useful to overcome the practical hardening problems in micro-propagation of L. thwaitesii and A. nana plants, as a valuable asset for ornamental aquatic plant industry.Item Extraction of Bioactive Proteins from Scavenger Fish (Pterygoplichthys Pardalis) Harvested at Digana, Central Province, Sri Lanka(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2013) PERERA, B.B.A.N.S.Pterygoplichthys pardalis (Scavenger fish) survive by competing with native biota. This species is an omnivore which threats to endemic fish species and inland aquaculture industry. However, these fishes contain compounds which autolysis proteins under low temperatures. Objective of this study was to check the difference in the water extracted and salt extracted proteins which can be used as bioactive compounds separated from scavenger fish after slaughtering, stored at 4°C for 24 hrs. Female fishes (n=3) were collected from local reservoir and slaughtered in the field. Slaughtered fish which stored at 4 °C were separated in to 04 main components as Flesh, GI tract, Mucus and Other organs in 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 24 hour of storing. Separated parts were homogenized with distilled water (1:4 ratios) and centrifuged to collect the supernatant. Level of separation was observed using SDS PAGE gel electrophoresis. Then, samples were lyophilized and used for further analysis. Antioxidant activity was measured using TBAR assay and DPPH scavenging activities. SDS PAGE images confirmed that there were no differences in the extracted compounds after 03 hour of slaughtering. According to the TBARS assay, both water and salt extractions from Flesh, Mucus and Other organs had stronger antioxidant properties compared to the control (p<0.05). While DPPH scavenging results of water extracted proteins showed over 75% activity (Other organs- 91.26±8.28%, Flesh- 87.07±4.49%, GI-86.20±3.94%, Mucus 75.20±4.09%) but no difference was observed among the extracted compounds (p>0.05). Salt extracted proteins showed highest antioxidant activity than water extractions with significant difference (Other organs-82.35± 10.4 %, Flesh- 61.16± 12.75%, GI- 89.16± 2.28%, Mucus-70.6± 18.8%) (p< 0.05). All the water extracted proteins showed lower Fe2+ chelating activity and salt extracted proteins showed some amount of Fe2+ chelating activity compare with the water extractions and 00 showed the highest activity with the significant difference (P <0.05). All the water and salt extractions showed good antibacterial activity against locally isolated Salmonella and E.coli when compare to the Augmentin® as the positive control. Because of having different functional properties, those extractions can be used as preservatives by conducting further analysis. Key words: Scavenger fish, Antioxidant properties, TBARS assay, DPPH assayItem CONFIRMATORY IDENTIFICATION OF SCAD FISH (Decapterus spp.) USING MOLECULAR AND MORPHOLOGICAL DATA(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2013) KIYAS, N.M.The Decapterus spp. is one of economically important fish species in Sri Lanka, there are three kind of Decapterus fish species in Sri Lankan sea water; namely Decapterus macarellus (Mackerel scad), Decapterus macrosoma (Longbodied scad) and Decapterus ruselli (Russel's mackerel scad) . At present Sri Lanka fisheries sector have gained importance due to starting of cane fish industry. One of the Decapterus spp. are purchased by canning fish industry from local fisher men for canning purposes which are commonly known as "Linna". In this study we reviewed the morphological identification of Decapterus spp. in Sri Lankan sea water and the morphological identification was confirmed by the way of molecular identification tool, mitochondrial cox 1 gene (approximately 655 bp). Only two kinds of Decapterus spp. were identified by the way of morphological and molecular identification tools in Sri Lankan sea water; namely Decapterus macarellus (Mackerel scad) and Decapterus ruselli (Russel's mackerel scad) during the study period, and any single specimen of Decapterus macrosoma did not identified by the way of molecular and morphometric identification tools. Key words: Decapterus spp., molecular identification, morphological identification, mitochondrial cox 1 gene (approximately 655 bp).Item PRODUCTION OF GARLIC FLAVORED CHILI SHRIMP PASTE USING SHRIMP HEAD PARTS(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2013) JAYATHILAKA, E.DShrimp processing industry is a one of the major seafood industries in the world. These Shrimp processing industries generate large quantities of wastes which are heads and body carapaces. These wastes are released to the environment without any treatment which caused to loss of valuable component and serious environmental problems. Removed head wastes are used to produce fermented shrimp pastes in Asian countries as their traditional food. Basically Tiger prawn heads, salt, lactic acid bacterial culture, red chili, shrimp paste, acid (food grade citric acid), sugar, salt, garlic were the selected ingredients for production of chili shrimp paste. One sample was kept as control without adding garlic and 4%, 8% and 16% of garlic were added into the other three equal portions of Chili Shrimp Paste respectively. Then it was ground using a blender for 10¬15 seconds and stored in sterilized glass containers. First sensory evaluation was carried out for above samples. Second sensory evaluation was conducted for 14%, 16% and 18% of garlic added three samples of chili shrimp paste separately. A five point hedonic scale was used to assess sensory attributes such as appearance, colour, smell, taste and overall acceptability. Data obtained from Sensory evaluation were analyzed by Friedman rank test in MINITAB 15. According to the results of first and second sensory evaluations 16% garlic incorporated chili shrimp paste had higher (P=0.000) consumer preference in appearance, colour, smell, taste and overall acceptability compared to the other treatments Shelf life determination was done by analyzing pH, yeast and mould count, total plate count at one week of interval for 60 days. Results revealed that shelf life of chili shrimp paste was more than 60 days at room temperature. According to the cost analysis cost of lkg of the product was Rs. 210. Key Words Chili Shrimp Paste, Lactic Acid, Sensory Evaluation, Total Plate Count, Shelf LifeItem IDENTIFICATION OF SUBMERGED OBJECTS USING SIDE SCAN SONAR IMAGING AND ITS IMPACT ON BEACH SEINE FISHERY(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2013) ILLANGASINGHE, M.J.B.North east coast is playing significant role in economy of the Sri Lanka via fishery. During war period there was minimum fishing activity due to terrorism activity in this area. Under water war remnants were overspread around sea floor area due to terrorism activities. These Manmade and other buried objects are significantly destroying beach seine fishing gears through entangling. That is major constrain to improve beach seine fishery in this area. This study was undertaken to investigate the unidentified specific objects on the seafloor such as such as shipwrecks, mines, sunken objects. Side scan sonar (SSS) survey technology was selected for the project that systems have been developed recently using medical ultrasound technology. Data was acquired using side scan sonar instrument that was towed by vessel along the predetermined survey lines just above the bottom of the sea floor depending upon the water depth. Image Processing techniques with "sonar Wiz 5 and ArcGIS software use to detection and classification of manmade objects in side-scan sonar images. Three identified objects can mark as negatively affected area for beach seine fishery operations. Object lwas at 09° 17.97244' N/080° 48.66892'E 85 m long and 21 m width at the widest point ,Object 2 was at 09° 18.71599' N/080° 48.02634'E 55 m long and 15 m width at the widest point and object 3 was at 09° 18.87650' N/080° 47.48114'E 120 m ling and 25 m width at the widest point. Object 1 and 2 were large iron ship wrecks and object 3 was natural reef. There are vast amounts of ship debris spread around ship wreck those have possibility for entangle in to beach seine nets. Sand ripples are started to accumulate around wreck that shows as smoothie edges around object 3. Side scan sonar acoustics technology is the most cost effective and accurate technology to investigate vast area of sea bed within a short time period for the underwater object detection. Key words: Side scan sonar acoustics, Shipwrecks, Seafloor, and Beach seine nets.Item A STUDY ON PRODUCING AN ARTIFICIAL DIET FOR INDIAN CARP (Catla catla) FRY USING LOCALLY AVAILABLE, LOW-COST INGREDIENTS(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2013) WICKRAMASINGHE, W.R.M.D.M.B.The fisheries sector is considered as an important protein supplier to the population of Sri Lanka. Therefore the fishery sector plays a vital role in human health and nutrition. Catla catla is an Indian major carp that commonly used for seed production in inland fishery. Balanced diet is essential for fish growth and survival and formulated feeds are the one of popular feeds used in aquaculture industry. The study was carried out to evaluate an artificial diet for Catla catla fry using locally available, low-cost ingredients. A total number of 600 fish frys (2.5 cm in length) were used. Fish were divided in to 3 groups and fed with three different feed types i.e poultry feed, fish feed and formulated feed. Fish feed was used as a control treatment and three replicates were used for each of treatment. All feed types were analyzed for protein, lipid and moisture. The experiment was conducted for 40 days. The results showed that Crude protein level of the formulated feed was 26.97%. It was lower than the Fish feed but higher than the Poultry feed. 15.62% of moisture was found and Lipid amount was estimated as 15% which was higher than the required lipid amount by Catla catla fry. The survival rates among treatments are significantly different (p < 0.05) and the highest mean survival rate was recorded in formulated feed as (92.22 % ± 6.40). The survival rates of Fish feed and Poultry feed were 72.00B ± 2.36 and 86.33 ± 4.48 respectively. Variations of the SGR, Weight gain, FCR, PER were not significantly different (p > 0.05) among the three treatments. Cost of the Fish feed to gain one gram of body weight was significantly greater (p< 0.05) than the other two feeds. Cost of the formulated feed fro production of 1 g of body weight in fry (Rs. 35.60) was lower than the cost of Poultry feed to obtain 1 g of fish (Rs. 41.31). Therefore the Formulated feed can be incorporate as an alternate feed for Catla catla fry. Key words: Catla catla, Feed conversion ratio, Protein efficiency ratio, Specific growth rate