Browsing by Author "Tennakoon, T.M.P.S.I."
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Item A Comparative Study on Ancient and Contemporary Fisheries Management Systems in Inland Reservoirs of Anuradhapura District in Sri Lanka: A Review(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2019-02) Lakpawan, W.M.P.; Liyanage, N.P.P.; Tennakoon, T.M.P.S.I.; Herath, H.M.T.N.B.; Kulathilaka, C.J.P.Archaeological evidences prove that fishery activities were initiated during pre-historic era. According to historical evidences, inland fishery was one of the important economic activities in ancient Sri Lanka and it was regularized after introduction of freshwater fish species during British period. This study was focused on investigation of ancient and contemporary fisheries management systems under four criteria such as, decision making, fishing gears, fish varieties, fish selling and revenue process in Anuradhapura District. 220 fishermen were selected using stratified sampling and data were collected using selfadministrated questionnaire, interviews with key persons and group discussions with fishermen. Secondary information was collected from National Aquaculture Development Authority (NAQDA), Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources and library survey. Results of the present study revealed that current fishery practices were managed through community based organizations, NAQDA officers and strong legal framework. As recorded in literature, ancient inland fishery activities were managed by Welwidane with the support of set of norms. In ancient time karaka, Kemana, Iratiya, Athnagu were used as fishing gears to catch native fishes such as Heteropneustes sp, Anabas sp, Channa sp, Wallago sp. At present, pole & line and gill nets were used as legally accepted gears to catch exotic food fishes such as Indian/ Chinese carps and Tilapia. Mainly barter system was applied during the ancient period and Machchabaga & Diyabeduma taxes were applied for harvest & usage of tank. Currently, organized fish selling system is practicing at landing sites and in well managed fishery systems, toll collection was observed. However, no direct taxes were applied in contemporary systems. Both pros and cons were identified in two systems. Abiding nature of villagers, dissemination of harvest and community services practiced can be taken as positive examples from ancient systemItem A Comparative Study on Tourists' Satisfaction with Attributes of Cultural Heritage Sites (with special reference to select Ancient Heritage of Sigiriya and Golden Temple of Dambulla)(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2018) Hasna, M.H.F.; Tennakoon, T.M.P.S.I.Tourism is an important driving force of regional economic development of the country. Identifying the determinants of tourist satisfaction is an essential aspect in the tourism industry. Therefore, the purpose of the study is to predict and compare the determinants of tourists’ satisfaction (TS) in ancient heritage site of Sigiriya and Golden Temple of Dambulla. Buhalis 6A’s framework was used as the main theoretical tool where the impact of six destination attributes such as; Attractiveness, Accessibility, Amenities, Ancillary services, Activities and Available packages on tourist satisfaction was identified. The study employed convenience sampling method to collect data from 50 tourists from each site. Descriptive statistics, correlation analysis and regression analysis were used to obtain the results. The results concluded that all the six destination attributes have positive relationships with the tourist satisfaction in both destinations. Besides available packages have the most significant impact on tourist satisfaction in Sigiriya while attractiveness has most significant impact on TS in Golden Temple. Thus these findings could be used to increase the tourist satisfaction in both destinations.Item Determinants of Length of Stay of Asian Tourists in Sri Lanka; What Makes their Stay Long or Short?(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2020) Premasiri, N.G.B.M.; Karunarathne, A.C.I.D.; Tennakoon, T.M.P.S.I.; Sammani, U.G.O.The emerging industry remarks indicated a growing average length of stay over the years in Sri Lankan tourism. Length of stay denotes the amount of time that the tourist spends at a given destination whereas the durations of tourism trip refer to the length of time between departure from and return to home. However, Asia, the top source region to Sri Lanka has continuously reported the lowest length of stay over the years compared to all other regions. Therefore, the current study was carried out to identify the determinants of length of stay of Asians tourists in Sri Lanka in terms of socio-demographics, travel characteristics, destination attributes, and travel motives. Further, this study examined the contribution of travel agencies to extend the length of stay of Asian tourists in Sri Lanka. To achieve these objectives, primary data were collected through structured questionnaires from 150 Asian tourists who visited the cultural triangle and occupied structured interviews for managers of 8 travel agencies who handled the inbound tourism in Sri Lanka with the Asian market. A convenient sampling technique was employed to select tourists and travel agents in the sample. Descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and, thematic analysis was used to analyze the data. Accordingly, the sociodemographics, travel characteristics, and destination attributes indicated a significant relationship with the length of stay of Asian tourists in Sri Lanka. Further, the budget and the free time were two of the most significant reasons for the lower length of stay. Problems with the allocated budget, language barriers, and itinerary changes were the most critical reasons for the lower length of stay as highlighted by the travel agent. Customized and improved tour package, integrated marketing communication, flexible pricing strategies, and, lowering the tax/levy and other charges will make a significant influence on the extended length of stay of Asian tourists’ in Sri Lanka. Keywords: Length of stay, Cultural triangle, Travel motives, Asian tourists, Sri LankaItem The Factors Affecting Customer Loyalty on Ethnic Restaurants in Sri Lanka; with Special Reference to Colombo District(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2019) Wickramasurendra, K.; Karunarathne, A.C.I.D.; Tennakoon, T.M.P.S.I.The strategic importance of food and beverage in the hospitality sector has made a significant growth in the restaurant industry worldwide. Modern customers are looking for more comprehensive experience within the restaurant beyond food and beverages. Hence, ethnic restaurants have been popularized around the world. However, attracting and retaining loyal customers have become a challenge in the sector due to the growing competition. Hence, this contemporary study was conducted to investigate the factors affecting on customer loyalty in ethnic restaurants in Sri Lanka. The data were collected using questionnaires distributed to the customers who visited selected 10 ethnic restaurants in Colombo district. For each restaurant type, 2 restaurants were selected and from those restaurants 30 guests were selected. The research sample consisted of 281 guests using convenient sampling, Descriptive statistics and structured equation modelling was used for data analysis. Results of the analysis illustrated that the most important factor that impact on customer loyalty was restaurant image. Results of hypothesis showed that restaurant image, price perception and quality of the restaurant had a positive effect on the customer satisfaction and customer trust while customer satisfaction, customer trust had a positive effect on customer loyalty. There was a partial mediation effect between independent variables and dependent variable when customer trust and customer loyalty act as mediator. Based on the results, quality of the restaurant and customer loyalty has the highest indirect effect due to the mediators. Lowest number of factor loading is gain by ‘Knowledge of the staff about the menu’ (0.38) and educating and training staff will improve it. This study will help to identify the factors that mostly affecting to the customer loyalty in Sri Lanka relevant to ethnic restaurants and to identify about customer attitudes regarding the ethnic restaurants and their preferences.Item Impact of COVID 19 Pandemic on Camping Organizers in Sri Lanka(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2021) Anuka, J.D.; Karunarathne, A.C.I.D.; Tennakoon, T.M.P.S.I.Camping is a form of popular entertainment activity and an inexpensive form of alternative accommodation closely associated with nature. Although this sector is far neglected by academic researchers, the segment has been extensively popular and holds a strong interest from travellers around the globe during the last decade. However, subject to the outbreak of the COVID 19 pandemic over the world, the camping organizers had to completely suspend the operations and struggled to re-start ensuring the health and safety of visitors. Hence, the purpose of this research is to identify the impact of the COVID 19 pandemic situation on camping organizers in Sri Lanka and the strategic initiatives taken in order to re-start the operations in new-normal conditions. The qualitative research approach has been occupied in order to achieve the objectives of the study. Sample units were selected using snowballing sampling techniques and structured interviews were conducted for 12 camping organizers in Sri Lanka until reaching the saturation point. Data collection was carried out from October to December 2020. The data analysis was done using content analysis and transcribed data were coded and interpreted manually. Results of the study revealed the impact of the COVID 19 pandemic situation on camping organizers in Sri Lanka under a few specific areas. Sri Lanka‟s camping organizers face an uncertain future and the hardest hit by economic fallout due to the global COVID 19 outbreak while occurring unprecedented challenges. Moreover, the results reflected that camping organizers perceive a negative attitude towards COVID 19, and the impacts, challenges, and strategies are concluded at the level of their perception. As short term strategies and long term opportunities, the concept of Virtual Reality (VR) camping could be adhered to under the new corona conditions. However, an integrated approach, such as awareness programs that progress to improve risk reduction measures, financial arrangements, and the issuance of a specific license from the government with more cohesion and assistance, would be supportive and adequate for camping operators to fast retrieve in future pandemics. Keywords: COVID 19; Camping; Camping Organizers; Impacts; challenges; Sri LankaItem The Impact of Destination Image on Foreign Tourist Future Behaviour Special Reference to Bentota in Sri Lanka(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2019) Chathurangi, G.A.M.; Wijesundara, W.G.S.R.; Tennakoon, T.M.P.S.I.The impact of the Destination image being an important factor in decision making process of tourist future behaviour of revisiting and recommendation. Selection of a destination to be revisit or recommend to others would base on the tourist’s perceived value on the destination. Considering that, this study mainly aims to identify the impact of destination image on foreign tourist future behaviour in Sri Lanka. The theoretical dimensions of destination image; Cognitive image, unique image and Affective image were adopted in order to accomplish the objective of identifying the impact of the destination image on foreign tourist future behaviour. Bentota was selected as the research area for the study as the arising of tourism harassments, negative practices of beach boys, overcapacity of the coastal region which would create a bad destination image among the tourists, have become a major issue on the location. The population was the international tourists visited Bentota area, in the months of May, June, July in 2018. 300 respondents were selected as the sample employing convenient sampling technique. The adopted questionnaire of (H, 2008, Hailin Qu,2011, and Artuger, 2017) was used as the research instrument for collecting data. The collected data was analysed by employing Smart PLS software version 2.0 and SPSS. The results revealed that there is the most significant and effective positive relationship among the cognitive image and the foreign tourist future behaviour. While Affective image has no significant relation between the foreign tourist future behaviour and Meanwhile, Unique image has a significant negative relation between the future behaviours of the tourists. Hence, it suggests to develop the destination through niche tourism concepts based on the target markets and their perceptions of visiting. This study derives theoretical and empirical contribution and need for further researches on the context.Item Role of Destination Attributes in Developing Religious Tourism in Anuradhapura; Perspective of Chinese Tourists(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2018) Sammani, U.G.O.; Tennakoon, T.M.P.S.I.Religion plays a major role in almost all the aspects of human life. The idea of the religious travel almost prevailed from ancient time. Today, the religious tourism has been developed into a much larger and more segmented market. Sri Lanka has a great potential for religious tourism with its cultural heritage. Anuradhapura is one of the ancient capitals of Sri Lanka, designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site due to its heritage and cultural significance. China is an emerging tourism market in Sri Lanka. Further, China is a multi-religious country where Buddhism takes a significant place. Hence, Religious tourism is one of the niche market in the tourism that can be best developed and promoted in the Sri Lanka, especially for Chinese tourists, that has not yet reaped the benefits from the full potential. Since, destination attributes are critical in any form of tourism to create a successful tourism destination, the main purpose of this study to identify the impact of the destination attributes to develop the religious tourism in Anuradhapura from the perspective of Chinese tourists. A conceptual framework has been developed based on the 6A's in tourism. The study mainly depends on the primary data that has been collected by the author. The convenience sampling method was used to collect the data from the 100 Chinese tourists who visited Anuradhapura. The quantitative research approach with Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation analysis and the multiple linear regression analysis were used to analyze the data. The results revealed that attractions, amenities, activities and the ancillary services are highly impacting on the religious tourism development in Anuradhapura from the perspective of Chinese tourists. In order to develop the religious tourism in Anuradhapura, 6A's concept can be considered with a proper strategic framework based on the behavior patterns of different nationalities.Item Role of Destination Attributes on Domestic Tourists’ Revisit Intention Towards Wetland Parks of Sri Lanka (Special Reference to Wetland Parks in Colombo District)(2019) Dilrukshi, K.J.; Tennakoon, T.M.P.S.I.; Nawarathna, A.M.D.B.Wetland parks have been identified as an alternative travel destination for domestic tourists in general and a major recreational space for urban Travellers. Tourism scholars have concentrated on repeat visitation as an antecedent of destination loyalty. The tourists assess their intention to revisit a certain destination or preference based on the results derived from interplay of multiple factors. However, the scholars have contradictory findings of determinants of revisit intention of tourists. Hence, the purpose of the study was to identify the existing level of destination attributes and revisit intention of the domestic tourists, to identify the relationship between destination attributes and Revisit intention of the domestic tourists and to recognize most significant attributes influence on revisit intention of domestic tourists in wetland parks. The primary data was collected by the author from 240 domestic tourists using convenience sampling technique and questionnaire consist 42 questions from main three sections. Quantitative data analytical method was employed in analysing the data using Descriptive statistics, correlation and multiple linear regression analysis. The Finding reflects that there is a strong positive relationship with destination attributes and Revisit intention of the domestic tourists towards wetland parks of Colombo district. Further it reveals that, destination attraction, accessibility, amenities, ancillary services, available packages and activities are significantly influence on tourist revisit intention towards wetland parks while destination attraction and the amenities significantly influence on re-visitation of the domestic tourists in a huge manner. Introducing innovative applications and new blogs, launching of new tourist map and promotional social media campaigns directly effect on revisit intention of the domestic tourists towards wetland parks of Sri Lanka.Item A Study of the Impact of Visitor Facilities on Visitors’ Satisfaction in Pinnawala Open Air Zoological Garden (Special Reference to Domestic Visitors)(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2019) Naleef, M.N.M.; Tennakoon, T.M.P.S.I.; Nawarathna, A.M.D.B.Tourism has grown as one of the largest industries and sources of income generation in recent years among the countries in Asia. Sri Lanka has proved to be one of the fastest growing tourist destinations. Pinnawala Open Zoo is a zoological garden which is situated closer to the Pinnawala Elephant Orphanage and is the first open air zoo in Sri Lanka. Tourism scholars have concentrated on visitor satisfaction as an antecedent of the facilities available in the zoological garden (Snijder, 2013). According to sustainable development target of 2020, zoo should be as self-sustainable organization and it ensures the income of the zoo increased through increment of visitor popularity. Hence, the purpose of the study was to identify the existing level of visitors’ satisfaction on visitor facilities, to identify the relationship between visitor facilities and visitor’s satisfaction and to investigate the significant factors impact on visitor satisfaction in Pinnawala zoological garden. The primary data was collected by the author from 150 domestic tourists using convenience sampling technique and tested 12 hypotheses. Quantitative data analytical method was employed in analyzing the data using descriptive statistics, correlation coefficient and multiple linear regression analysis. The finding reflects that there is a strong positive relationship with visitor facilities on visitor satisfaction of the domestic tourists of zoological garden.Item A Study on Chinese Inbound Tourists’ Spending Patterns on Accommodations Selection and Shopping in Sri Lanka; Tourism Stakeholders’ Perspective(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2020) Dulanjalee, E.K.A.; Tennakoon, T.M.P.S.I.; Nawarathna, A.M.D.B.Sri Lanka has been identified as a booming tourist destination in the world. Although, Sri Lanka is receiving an increasing number of Chinese tourists’ arrivals annually, it does not capitalize on the higher spending opportunities. Therefore, maximum profitability cannot be taken by the Chinese market to Sri Lankan tourism industry. Hence, the objectives of the study were to identify the Chinese inbound tourists’ current spending pattern on accommodations selection and shopping and to identify the reasons for lower spending patterns of Chinese inbound tourists on accommodations selection and shopping. Primary data were collected from 22 tourism stakeholders who are dealing with and knowledgeable person about the Chinese market. Structured interviews were conducted for data collection under the qualitative research approach. Collected data were transcribed and analysed using thematic analysis. Purposive sampling technique was adopted. The findings of this study revealed that product attributes, salesperson service, trip-related attribute, store policy, service of the staff, travel party type, length of stay, food habits under the parental theme to identify current spending patterns and language barriers. Lack of staff and service quality, price and payment method related issues, product-related issues, bad perception about tour operate the system, lack of facilities, time factor, lack of government support, and Chinese residents’ involvement were the reasons for lower spending patterns of Chinese tourists in Sri Lanka. Further, increasing Chinese language skills of the shop owners and local community, government support, service quality, payment method facilities, effective promotional programs, shopping information and facilities related to shopping and accommodations, etc. will be beneficial to enhance the profitability of the Chinese market. Keywords: Chinese inbound tourists, Spending patterns, Accommodations selections, shoppingItem A Study on Community Involvement in Tourism Benefit Sharing in Sri Lanka with Special Reference to Dambulla(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2020) Jayasundara, H.M.M.T.; Tennakoon, T.M.P.S.I.; Wijesundara, W.G.S.R.The level of local community involvement in tourism will result in more benefits to livelihood having a strong rapport between the local community and tourism industry. Active participation is important to gain benefits from tourism activities otherwise community involvement can be a disturbance to tourism development in the area. This research mainly focused to identify tourism benefits, how the community involves sharing benefits, and to identify challenges, issues while observing community expectations to enhance community involvement in tourism benefits sharing. The study utilized a qualitative methodology underpinned phenomenology research approach with 13 community members in Dambulla in Sri Lanka. Focus groups and semi-structured interviews were carried out to gather primary data and the collected data were transcribed and analysed manually using thematic analysis and micro-interlocutor analysis. According to the findings of the study, there were more economic benefits than the other benefits generated through the tourism industry in the area. Further, the huge involvement of the community was shown as employment opportunities. There were some challenges and issues faced by the community and expectations such as the need for awareness programs, development of infrastructure facilities required to assure better sharing tourism benefits. Build-up more business opportunities, continue awareness and training programs, usage of environment-friendly transportation methods, the participation of host community leadership to the decision-making process can be mentioned as recommendations of the study. For future research, factors affecting on community livelihood through tourism activities, factors affecting the perception of the host community towards cultural tourism preservation and promotion in the cultural triangle can be recommended. Keywords: Tourism benefits, Community involvement, Challenges and issue, ExpectationsItem Study on the Impact of Attraction, Service Quality and Perceived Value on Tourist Behavioural Intention for Performing Arts in Sri Lanka (Special Reference to Kandy District)(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2021) Wijendra, R.D.I.M.; Tennakoon, T.M.P.S.I.; Kulathilaka, C.J.P.As with the cultural heritage, the performing arts reflected humanity's intangible cultural heritage and it is major for the development of cultural and heritage tourism as valuable resources. In addition to performing arts being a tourist attractive product the performing arts serve as a resource for tourist behavioural intention. Although the scholars have found the determinant of behavioural intention of tourists, this study was conducted to study the impact of attraction, service quality and perceived value on tourist behavioural intention for performing arts in Sri Lanka to provide an enhanced understanding of performing arts tourism in Sri Lankan context. Hence, the study is coming under deductive approach; this research is basically depending on quantitative analysis. The primary data collected by researchers from 150 tourists using convenience sampling techniques and questionnaires consist of 38 questions. By employing SPSS 22 and MS Excel quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, spearman‟s correlation analysis and multiple linear regression analysis. According to the visitor profile, the majority of tourists are male and most of them are coming from Europe for leisure purposes and who are under 21-30 age category. Surprisingly most of the tourists are degree holders and they have come to watch performing arts for the first time. The finding of the study reflects that there is a positive relationship between attraction, service quality and perceived value with behavioural intention. Moreover, it reveals that the above independent variables significantly influence tourist behavioural intention for performing arts in Sri Lanka. Educate the tourist through social media by giving information, introducing new blogs and lounging the creative promotional campaigns directly effect on tourist behavioural intention for performing arts in Sri Lanka. Keywords: Attraction; Behavioral Intention; Perceived Value; Performing Arts; Service Quality