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Item Development of Hot Smoked Tuna (Thunnus Albacares) with Cinnamon Wood and Different Fruit Flavorings(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2016) Rupasinghe, R.N.Humans consume fish in variety of ways by making different dishes because of its nutritive value and characteristic flavor compounds present (Balami et al., 2019). Fish is prominent among highly nutritious food which is comprised of proteins and amino acids (Karunarathna and Attygalle, 2019), fatty acids (Peng et al., 2013a), minerals (Karunarathna and Attygalle, 2019) and vitamins (Peng et al., 2013a). Tuna fish industry comprised of six principal market species. Yellow fin tuna (Thunnus albacares) is one of the prominent specie in Sri Lankan fisheries. According to fisheries statistics (2018) total production of yellow fin tuna in Sri Lanka was 38,960 metric tons. It is significantly higher value with compared to billfish, seer fish and carangids production of Sri Lanka. Yellow fin tuna is good source of nutrients. Karunarathna and Attyalle (2019) reported that, moisture, protein, lipid and ash content of yellow fin tuna white muscle was 72.44%, 21.42%, 0.88% and 1.12% respectively. Other than that yellow fin tuna is considered as good source of amino acids and fatty acids. Tuna muscles are rich in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (16.91%) and eicosapentanoic acid (EPA) (2.39%) (Peng et al., 2013). DHA and EPA health beneficial fatty acids, especially for cardiovascular diseases. n-3/n-6 ratio can be used as indicator for comparing the relative nutritive values of different fish oils (Peng et al., 2013). Due to high nutrition content and moisture content, fish is considered as highly perishable food (Ojutiku et al., 2009). Therefore, preservation is important to reduce the deterioration of food. Perishable food can be preserved by many processes such as salting, sun drying, freezing, canning and smoking (Shajil et al., 2018).Item Effect of Nutrient Supplement Developed from Vegetable Waste on Performance and Meat Quality of Broiler Chicken(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2016) Rajapaksha, R.M.N.M.More than 40% of annual fruit and vegetable postharvest losses in Sri Lanka have been created a significant economic loss and a massive treat to the direct environmental exposure. Vegetable waste is rich in essential nutrients which may useful for livestock feeds. Poultry feed producers are searching for alternative feed ingredients which suite to the general poultry ration while not having any economic losses. The present study had done with the aim of develop a nutrient supplement from the vegetable waste (Brinjal and Carrot 1:1) collected from Mannin Economic Centre, Peliyagoda. Vegetables were subjected to bio-conversion in an aerobic bioreactor for 3 days (presence of LAB inoculants, temperature maintained at 40°C and with continuous stiring at 15 RPM), and digesta dried in a steam bath. Dried vegetable waste (VW) contained 4.22% crude protein, 2.77% crude fat, 13.8% ash, 38.46% crude fiber and 10.08% moisture. Ninety-day old broiler chicks were randomly divided to three treatments each treatment was consisted three replicates as each replicate contained 10 birds. Birds were fed with commercial diet added with two levels of VW supplement (T1-2.5% and T2-5%) and control diet (C-0%, VW) for 42 days. Body weight gain (WG), feed intake (FI), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and mortality were recorded weekly. Data were analyzed using one way ANOVA at P<0.05. There were no significant difference (P>0.05) among the treatment for WG, mortality and FCR. Birds fed with T2 diet increased WG compared to the control. The highest FCR was recorded by the birds fed with control diet. Incorporation of biologically treated VW supplement had no negative effect on overall performance of broilers and it enhanced the meat quality parameters of broiler chicken.Item Development of Non-Dairy Milk Using Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) and Sesame (Sesamum indicum) Treated with Different Processing Methods(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2016) Senevirathne, K.M.D.A.Non-dairy milk is a fast-growing food category among the consumers who are looking for nutritious vegan products as a solution for lactose intolerance and allergic to the milk proteins. Plant-based milk alternatives are a rising trend, which can serve as an inexpensive alternate to poor economic group of developing countries and in places, where cow's, milk supply is insufficient. They are designed to have a similar look, feel, taste, and shelf life as cow's milk so that they can be used in similar applications. The present study was carried out to identify the best processing method and to develop a non¬dairy milk using cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) and sesame, (Sesamum indicum) blends. Three processing methods as dry, roasting, germination used to prepare the non-dairy milk treatments with cowpea and sesame blends. Among three processing methods, roasting method was selected as the best processing method based on sensory scores. A ratio of 7:3 was identified as the best combination ratio of the cowpea and sesame to extract milk. Further, reduction of the leguminous flavor was done using a base treatment. The prepared cowpea and sesame incorporated milk was analyzed for sensory, proximate and physicochemical properties. Fresh milk was served as the reference sample. Moisture, crude protein, fat and ash content of the selected plant milk product was 92.06%, 1.25%, 2.63%, 0.68% respectively. The pH value of the plant milk sample was measured at Pt, 2nd, 4th 6th 7th 1 1 th, 13th, 1 A4+ th and 21st days and varied between 7.13-7.10. Physicochemical properties of the developed plant milk were less than the values in fresh milk. In conclusion, a significant difference (p<0.05) was observed in cowpea and-sesame blend than that of fresh milk in terms of organoleptic properties. Key words: non-dairy, roasting, plant milk, pH, veganItem Influence of Plant Density on Growth, Fodder Yield and Chemical Composition of Selected Maize and Sorghum Varieties Cultivated During Yala Season in Dry Zone of Sri Lanka(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2016) Yatiwella, Y.K.K.D.B.The present study assesses the influence of planting density on growth, yield and chemical composition of five selected maize (Zea mays) varieties (Bhadra, Maize hybrid 01, Maize hybrid 02, Jet 999 and Pacific 339) and two sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) varieties (Sugar graze and MI Sweet Sorghum) cultivated during Yala season in the Dry Zone of Sri Lanka. The experimental design was two-factor factorial complete randomized design with three replicates. Maize and sorghum were harvested at 50% silking and flowering stages, respectively. Plant growth and yield parameters were recorded. Chemical composition was determined. Leaf area index (LAI), fresh matter yield (FMI) and dry matter yield (DMY) were estimated. The LAI, FMY and DMY were influenced (P<0.05) by density, variety and variety & density interaction. The height and leaf number were influenced (P<0.05) by density and variety. MI Sweet sorghum at low density recorded the highest (P<0.05) plant height (241.5316.63 cm). Sugargraze recorded the highest (P<0.05) LAI at low (3.0610.40) and high densities (5.5010.57). Sorghum verities were superior (P<0.05) to corn varieties in terms of FMY at both densities. Sugargraze (55.4815.19 MT/ha) and MI sweet sorghum (51.3315.59 MT/ha) recorded the highest (P<0.05) FMY at high density. At low density, Sugargraze recorded the highest (P<0.05) DMY (7.9210.34 MT/ha) followed by MI sweet sorghum (5.5310.20 MT/ha). Contrary at high density, MI sweet sorghum recorded the highest (P<0.05) DMY (8.3610.84 MT/ha) followed by Sugargraze (6.4510.66 MT/ha). Density alone influenced (P<0.05) on Dry Matter (DM), Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF), Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF) and lignin contents, whereas variety alone influenced (P<0.05) on °brix value,DM, ash, NDF, ADF and lignin content. At low and high densities, MI hybrid 2 (6.8310.60 and 7.1610.33, respectively) and MI swe et sorghum (6.6610.72 and 7.1610.16, respectively) had the highest °brix values. The results confirmed that sorghum varieties; MI sweet sorghum followed by Sugergraze (i.e., at 50% flowering) are superior to corn varieties (50% silking) in terms of fodder yield when cultivated at high density, in the Dry Zone, during Yala season. Greater °brix value of MI hybrid 2 and MI sweet sorghum indicates that the varieties are suitable for silage production. Keywords: °Brix value, Dry matter.yield, Fresh matter yield, Leaf area indexItem Development of Smoked Fish Patty Using Industrial Tuna Offcuts(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2016) CHATHURANGA, J.V.N.C.Tuna is a good source of animal protein and production of value-added products is important. Tuna offcuts are good source to produce new products. Objective of this study was to develop a smoked fish patty using industrial yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) offcuts. Bread crumbs, ice flakes, vegetable fat and spices were used to make the patty. To determine the best ratios several sensory analyses were conducted using 30 untrained panellists using 7-point hedonic scale. Proximate analysis was conducted for moisture, ash, crude: protein and crude fat content in both raw tuna and final product. As the wood material citronella and cinnamon and combination (1:1) was used. Based on the sensory analysis fish patty was finalized with 73% (w/w) tuna, 4% (w/w) vegetable fat, 10% (w/w) bread crumbs and ice flakes and 3% salt and other spices. Final product was smoked with the 03 combustion materials and accordingly appearance, aroma and overall acceptability was better in combination of wood (p<0.05). Moisture and crude protein in tuna was 78.85±0.66% and 21.06±0.86 % respectively while 58.12 ± 1.68 % and 18.39±0.5% respectively in the final fish patty. Lipid (2.51±0.44 %) and ash (1.08±0.09 %) contents in fish mince were lower than smoked fish patty. Salmonella and E. coli were negative in all smoked patties (n=3). Total plate count, pH, lipid oxidation, texture analysis was done for 49 days of storage. During the storage period pH values did not change significantly (p>0.05). Lipid oxidation low in combination sample. "L" "a" and "b" values were varied during the storage and cinnamon showed the lowest values compared to others. Gumminess, chewiness and hardness reduce with the storage up to day 14 and then increase. Accordingly, fish patty made with 73% (w/w) tuna off cuts, smoked with cinnamon: citronella 1:1 ratio can be considered as the best. Key words: Tuna off cuts; Cinnamon; Citronella; Keeping qualityItem Effects of "Boomi" (Litsea glutinosa) Wax and "Dawul Kurundu" (Neolitsea cassia) Wax on Internal and Sensory Attributes of Chicken Eggs Stored Under Room Temperature(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2016) Rathnayake, H.M.N.C.Surface coatings of eggs are used to extend the shelf life and minimize economic loss. Edible mineral oil is used as a coating material but several problems associated with it and plant waxes are tested as alternatives. "Boomi" (Litsea glutinosa) and "dawul kurundu" (Neolitsea cassia) is found throughout Sri Lanka. Bark of "Boomi" and "dawul kurundu" are widely used in ayurvedic medicine due to their antibacterial properties. But, information on these waxes on egg quality attributes does not exist. Objective of this research was to check the effect of "boomi" and "dawul kurundu" waxes as an external coating material on shelf life, internal quality and sensory attributes of chicken eggs stored under room temperature. Total of 372 freshly laid brown, medium sized, clean eggs were purchased from a layer farm in Demodara. Eggs were individually weighed and coated with "boomi" wax (1.0:6.5), "dawul kurundu" wax (01:10) and mineral oil while non coated eggs were used as negative control. Weight loss, change in air sac volume, Haugh unit, yolk color, albumen and yolk pH, yolk index, FTIR analysis, Salmonella test and sensory attributes were determined at weekly basis. Albumen and yolk pH increased with storage. But it is significantly lower in mineral coated eggs (p<0.05). Whereas Haugh unit and yolk index decreased during storage in wax coated and non-coated eggs (p<0.05). Grades of non-coated, "boomi" wax coated and "dawul kurundu" wax coated eggs were changed from AA to B within 04 weeks whereas in mineral oil coated eggs remain in AA. Weight loss of wax coated eggs were significantly higher compared to mineral oil coated eggs (p<0.05). Salmonella sp. were detected in several weeks during storage conditions showing permeability of the microorganisms. FTIR analysis revels that the no chemical changes occur due to the wax. Increase of air sac was higher in noncoated eggs (5.39+0.3mm) after 42 days compared to "boonti" wax (4.59±0.2mm), "dawul kurundu" wax (3.27 mm±0.3) and mineral oil (1.19±0.3mm) coated eggs. Thus, study showed that "boomi" and "dawul kurundu" waxes are not a suitable coating material for poultry eggs to store under room conditions. Keywords: Boomi tree wax; Chicken egg; Internal; Quality; Mineral oilItem Evaluation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (Pahs) in Smoked Catla (Catla catla) and Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Harvested from Selected Reservoir with Different Combustion Materials and Storage Conditions(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2016) Alahakoon, D.A.J.N.Smoking is one of the oldest techniques of fish preservation and at present smoked fish has higher consumer demand due to their specific taste and aroma. Although, accumulation of carcinogenic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) through the wood smoke is a major problem associated with smoked fish. Hence, present study was carried out to evaluate PAHs and their penetration with storage time in smoked Catla (Catla catla) and Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Freshly harvested Catla (n=3) and Tilapia fishes (n=12) were brought from Handapanagala reservoir, Monaragala and equal size Catla fish cubes and Tilapia fish "roasts" were smoked using electrical smoker with Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) and Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) wood smoke separately and stored at -20°C after vacuum packing. QuEChERS method was performed to PAHs extraction at predetermined time intervals. Outer layer and center part of the smoked fish were analyzed for sixteen PAHs with Dionex Ultimate 3000 UHPLC system equipped with Diode Array detector. Moisture content and crude fat content of raw fish samples were analyzed. Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene was detected in one of the raw Catla fish samples, while Benzo[a]pyrene, Benzo[ghi]perylene, Indeno [1,2,3 -cd]pyrene were detected in both fish samples smoked with both wood materials. Total PAHs content at day 01 was low in both Catla (Mahogany: 0 µg/kg, Cinnamon: 904 jig/kg) and Tilapia (Mahogany: 774 µg/kg, Cinnamon: 2428 µg/kg) smoked with Mahogany compared to Cinnamon and with the storage (at day 07) it has decreased. There were no any detectable amounts of PAHs in Catla smoked with Mahogany wood. No pattern of penetration of PAHs to center was observed in neither Catla nor Tilapia with both wood materials. Therefore, it can be concluded that Mahogany wood could be a suitable wood type to smoke fish and accumulated PAHs amount in smoked products could be reduce by storing in frozen conditions. Key words: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, Catla, Tilapia, QuEChERS, Cinnamon, MahoganyItem Impact of Covid-19 Pandemic Situation on Livestock Sector in Badulla District(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2016) Vidyarathna, C.Global pandemics and diseases have been unprecedented threats for whole lives around the world. Now the world is facing another pandemic as corona virus disease of 2019 (COVID- 19). Sri Lanka is one of the middle income countries that suffer most during this outbreak. The agriculture and livestock sector plays a major role in Sri Lankan economy. Livestock sector in Badulla district also provide considerable contribution for that. Due to pandemic livestock sector also fall serious implications. This study was aimed at analyzing impact of COVID-19 pandemic situation on livestock sector in Badulla district. Structural questionnaire was developed and pre tested. For the study, 100 livestock farmers in 11 veterinary divisions were selected by cluster sampling and convenience sampling methods. Data that related with Socio economic, production, marketing and farm management problems arising due to pandemic were collected by interviewing livestock farmers individually. Descriptive analysis was used in analyzing survey data. According to the descriptive analysis, Most of the respondents' were cattle farmers. 44 and 40 respondents were poultry and goat farmers' respectively. 69% livestock farmers had faced COVID impact and 31% farmers had not. Majority of the respondents had interrupted due to problems such as less availability of medicines and other supplements, high expenditure for purchasing raw materials, lack of transport facilities and difficult to sell products. 53% respondents had received supports and 47% had not received support from veterinary and private institutions for the livestock development. 40%, 6%, 6%, 8%, 8% respondents had found locally available feed ingredients, indigenous veterinary practices, value added new products, new marketing techniques and new raw material storage facilities respectively during this outbreak. 91% farmers had remained same type of farming.4% had reduced the level of farming.1% had stopped the farming and move another occupation due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore COVID-19 caused substantial impact for the livestock sector in Badulla district. Keywords; Badulla: COVID-19: Impact: Livestock: PandemicItem Relationship of Humidity and Egg Weight Loss on Hatchability of Layer Eggs(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2016) Dissanayake, D.M.A.S.Egg handling, collection, management, and storage conditions are of prime concerns in layer industry as they effect to egg hatchability. Moisture loss from egg is normal process during incubation. Humidity (RH) is a very important factors affecting embryo development, hatchability, and post hatch performance. So the objective of this research is to determine the relationship of moisture loss on hatchability in an eggs. A total number of 3650 incubating eggs produced by week's age hens of commercial flock of DeKalb White layer strain was used to determine the relationship of egg weight loss and hatchability after 21st day of incubation period. The egg in 50g-60g of weight category were used for experiment. Three replicates were used (3 places in trolley) and nine sample as T1, T2 and T3. These samples were kept for 18 days in the incubator and kept in the hatcher for three days. Weight loss of an eggs were measured in day zero and 18th day in incubator and the hatchability of these eggs were checked in 21St day. Weight loss and hatchability were calculated. Moisture loss from samples from upper, mid, low in incubator shelves were respectively 13.63±0.37, 12.3210.57, 11.720.74. Hatchability of samples from upper, mid, low in incubator shelves were respectively 86.25±7.99, 74.59±7.81, 61.89±7.64. There was not a relationship between hatchability and weight loss on treatments (P>0.05). When the mean values were compared there is a relationship between moisture loss and hatchability. Key words; Hatchability, Humidity, Incubation, Layers, Weight lossItem Phylogenetic Characterization of the Non - Descriptive Local Cattle Population in the Northern Province of Sri Lanka(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2016) Wijebandara, K.G.C.B.Sri Lankan agriculture is based on a symbiotic relationship between crop and animal production, with cattle serving as the basis. But the population of indigenous cattle is declining with the modern production systems and needs immediate scientific management. Genetic characterization and phylogenetic analysis are the initial steps in the development of proper management strategies for preserving genetic diversity and preventing undesirable loss of alleles. Thus, in this study we majorly investigated genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationship of local non-descriptive cattle population in Northern Province of Sri Lanka using mitochondrial cytochrome b (mtDNA cyt b) gene sequences. The analysis of autosomal DNA was performed on 34 cattle sequences which exhibited sufficient genetic diversity across all the species of genus Bos. The aligned sequences of the mtDNA cyt b gene regions of the 34 animals were 816 base pairs long. The mtDNA cyt b region base percentages had a strong bias towards A + T according to the mean percentages of four nitrogen bases. Tamura-Nei evolutionary divergence over sequence pairs between groups ranged from 0.0016 to 0.0859. The phylogenetic analysis assigned the local non-descriptive Northern cattle population in to distinct lineages of Bos indicus ancestry. With the closest relationship to Indian Bos indicus breeds, it can assume that the subsequent introgression of Indian indicine may have influenced the matrilineal origin of the studied Northern cattle population. A close genetic distance was observed between local non-descriptive cattle population in Northern Province and the other studied local cattle populations in Sri Lanka. Key Words: Northern cattle, Phylogenetic Analysis, mtDNA cyt b geneItem The Effect of Feeding Rumen Bypass Fat Incorporated Feed on the Growth of Fattening Goats(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2016) Dushmantha, G.R.Fattening goats need high quality feed with different nutrients to achieve maximum profit potential. Goats had received relatively little scientific attention compared with sheep and cattle. Energy deficiency in rations is the main problem in fattening goat production systems in underdeveloped areas. A locally produced rumen bypass fat was suggested to alleviate these energy deficiencies in goat rations. Fourteen multiparous, crossbred goats (Jamunapari x Saanen x Indigenous) with 10 ± 0.5 kg average body weight were used for the experiment. Goats were divided in to two groups considering the provision of a forage-based ration (Control) and a forage & bypass fat (3% Bypass Fat) mixed ration (Treatment). Bypass fat utilized in the study was composed as a calcium salt of coconut parin oil. Goats were fed for 5 weeks during the months of April to June. The experiment was on a randomized complete block design with two treatments (i.e., forage-based diet alone and forage & bypass fat mixed diet) and the age was considered in blocking the animals. Individual body weight (BW), height, heart Girth (HTG), body diagonal length (BDL), rump height (RPH) were recorded. Ration samples were collected and analyzed for dry matter, ash, crude protein, crude fat and crude fiber content. Goats fed with bypass fat had recorded significantly higher (P<0.05) weight gain compared to goats did not receive a bypass fat-based ration. Bypass fat feeding did not indicate any significant (P>0.05) effect on height, HTG, BDL and RPH of the experimental goats. Hence, this study has indicated that bypass fat feeing could enhance the body weight of fattening goats. Further studies are recommended to assess the feeding of different amounts of bypass fat to fattening goats during different physiological stages of the goats. Key words: By pas fat, Drought season, Body Diagonal Length, Heart Girth; Rump HeighItem Growth and Yield Response of Okra (Abelmoschus Esculentus) to Potting Media Containing Vermicompost Produced Using Cow Dung with Agricultural Waste(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2016) Nawoda, J.M.T.Organic agriculture is a novelty is now a day because it is fully eco-friendly and cost-effective. Vermicompost is one of the technologies in converting organic waste to organic fertilizer. Earthworms play a major role in vermicompost production. The study was designed to assay the influence of vermicompost, produced from cow dung with agricultural waste generated at Leslie's Agro Products (Pvt) Ltd, on the growth and yield response of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) Haritha variety plants in potting media experiment. A common potting mix was prepared with topsoil, sand, garden compost and bio charcoal in 2:1:1:1/2 proportion and vermicompost was amended with it in 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% ratio. A total of five different potting media were prepared including control. Before harvest, growth parameters at rd, 4th, 6th weeks from the plantation and yield parameters at post-harvest, yield parameters at 40th day to 60th day from plantation were observed and recorded. Maximum plant height was recorded in the potting media containing 20% of vermicompost and minimum was recorded in the control (common potting mix without vermicompost). The maximum number of leaves was produced in the potting media containing 10% of vermicompost. The high leaf area was recorded in the potting media containing 15% of vermicompost. The highest yield was produced in the potting media containing 10% of vermicompost. Results represented that the addition of vermicompost in appropriate quantities, to potting media, has synergistic effects on plant height, no. of leaves, leaf area, pod lengths and yield. Key words: Vermicompost, Earthworms, agricultural waste, Okra, potting mix, Growth parametersItem Comparison of Growth Performance, Yield Parameters and Nutritional Composition of two Hybrid Napier (Pakchong-1 And Co-3) Cultivars Propagated at Boralanda Farm(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2016) Suhair, M.M.M.The objective of the current study was to determine the best forage cultivar of the two Hybrid Napier (Pakchong-1 and CO-3) cultivars that are well-suited to the prevailing agro-climatic conditions of the Boralanda Farm, Welimada, Sri Lanka based on the growth performance, yield parameters and nutritional composition. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design (RCBD) having 6 blocks, 2 treatment i plots in each block and 10 replicates in each plot. After filed preparation, blocks were arranged according to the slope of the land. A soil analysis was conducted to determine the soil quality gradient across the blocks and basal fertilizer application was conducted after the land preparation. Two node cuttings of two cultivars were planted following standard recommendations. All the other agronomic practices following planting were kept constant across treatments. The number of leaves per plant, plant height and stem diameter were recorded weekly as growth parameters and plants were harvested 45 days after planting to record the fresh matter yield, plant height and leaves per plant. The results revealed that the cultivar Pakchong-lshowed the highest growth performance having a higher number of leaves (53 Vs. 44), higher plant height (105 cm Vs. 90 cm) and larger stem diameter (21 cm Vs. 18 cm) compared to CO-3 (p<0.05) at 45 days after planting. As a result of the higher number of leaves and plant height, Pakchong-1 showed significantly higher fresh matter yield (2.742 kg/m2) than CO-3. Although dry matter and ash contents were not different among the two cultivars, Pakchong-1 contained higher contents of crude fat (28.6% vs. 15.7% DM basis) and crude protein (20.5% Vs. 16.4% DM basis) (p<0.05). In conclusion, Pakchong-1 could be considered as the most suitable forage type among two cultivars in terms of growth characteristics, forage yield and nutritional composition to be used for ruminant feeding at Boralanda Farm.Item Comparison of two Different Feeding Levels on Performance and Egg Production of Shaver Brown Layers(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2016) Fonseka, P.F.N.A.K.Poultry egg industry is one of the major industries that contribute to fulfil the world protein requirement. Shaver Browns are commonly used as a profitable layer strain for the commercial egg production due to their high efficiency in egg production. Among number of factors affecting for the egg production feeding can be considered as a major factor. Although, many studies related to feeding on egg production little work has been done with effect of feed level on egg production. Objectives of this study were to check the effect of different feeding levels on egg production and performance of Shaver Brown layers and to check the effect of different feeding levels on egg weight, shape index, Haugh Unit and shell thickness of Shaver Brown layers. Shaver Brown layers of 48 weeks and 52 weeks of age were divided into eight replicates with each age group having four replicates and feed levels were selected as 110 g/bird and 120 g/bird. Then four replicates consisting of two age groups were allocated for one feed level. Initial body weight and egg quality parameters (egg weight, shape index, Haugh Unit and shell thickness) were measured before starting the study. Egg production was recorded daily and body weight, feed conversion efficiency (FCE) and egg quality parameters were measured weekly. When compare the results of two feed levels, there was no significance different in egg production, body weight, feed conversion efficiency and egg quality parameters (P > 0.05) except egg weight (P < 0.05). Even though egg weight was significantly different, it was over 65 g which belongs to extra-large category. In conclusion, Shaver Brown layers at age of .48 to 52 weeks can be fed using 110 g/bird as the feeding level and it pi-oved that economically efficient and the egg quality parameters were same as feed level of 120 g/bird. Keywords: Egg production; Egg quality; Feed level; Shaver Brown layersItem Production of Bioactive Peptides from Ovotransferrin Using two Enzyme Combinations and Determining the Functional Properties of Its Hydrolysates(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2016) Wickramasinghe, H.S.I.Peptides from food sources possess numerous bioactivities, which make them useful in improving human health. Although many studies related to egg protein hydrolysis are present, less work has been carried out with the production of bioactive peptides from ovotransferrin using a two-step enzyme combination. The research objectives were to produce bioactive peptides from ovotransferrin using two enzyme combinations and determine the firnctional properties of its hydrolysates. Lipolyzed ovotransferrin solution (20 mg/mL) was treated with protease (3hr/55oC), papain (3hr/37oC), elastase (24hr37oC), and a-chymotrypsin (3hr/37oC) as the first treatment identified previously. Produced hydrolysates were treated with the above enzymes in different combinations and incubated for 0-24 hours at the optimal pH and temperatures, followed by heat inactivation at 100oC for 15 min. 15% SDS-PAGE was used to select the best conditions and analyze antioxidant, metal chelating, and antimicrobial activities. Protease + Papain (ProPap), Protease + a- chymotrypsin (ProChy), a-chymotrypsin + Protease (ChyPro), a-chymotrypsin + Papain (ChyPap), Elastase + a-chymotrypsin (ElaChy), Elastase + Papain (ElaPap), Elastase + Protease (ElaPro) treatments as Oh (since all band patterns in the gel were same), Papain + Protease (PapPro), Papain + a-chymotrypsin (PapChy) treatments for 3h were selected as the best conditions. Hydrolysates produced with ChyPap treatment showed some level of metal chelating activity (4.11±0.28%), and Ela (-2.88±0.16%), ElaChy (-7.80±0.28%), and ElaChy (6.38±0.14) showed metal releasing activities. ChyPap (0.59±0.08 MDA mg/kg) treatment followed by ProChy (0.74±0.07 MDA mg/kg), ProPap (0.78±0.04 MDA mg/kg) and ChyPap treatments showed strongest antioxidant activity than ovotransferrin (0.98±0.07 MDA mg/kg) and hydrolysates produced with single enzyme treatments (p<0.05). However, none of the hydrolysates showed any antimicrobial activities against locally isolated E. coli and in Total Plate Count agar. Accordingly, hydrolysates produced with two enzyme combinations as ChyPap, ProChy, and ProPap showed strong antioxidant and some metal chelating activities. Keywords: Enzyme combination, Hydrolysates, Ovotransferrin, TBARItem The Effect of Proactive Enzyme with Finisher Feed on Performance and Meat Quality of Broiler Chicken(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2016) Vithana, V.P.K.H.A.An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary poultry by product meal (PBM) 5% with or without protease enzyme on growth ,carcass characteristics and meat quality parameters of Arbor acre plus broilers. One hundred and twenty birds (n=120) were fed experimental diet from 21 day to 35 days, 1 to 10 days and 11 to 21 days broiler pre starter, broiler starter were fed respectively .In there poultry by product meal (5%),exogenous protease (with and without ) was undertaken using factorial arrangement under completely randomized design. The birds (n=120) were randomly divided into 12 replicates (10 birds/replicate) and 60 birds allocated for each treatment. PBM along with supplementation of 5% exogenous protease significantly improved growth performance of broilers .The body weight gain ,FI And FCR were increased [p <0.05] from 21 to 35 days by the enzyme treated diet. No significant differences in lengths of small intestine , breast weight, thigh weights. No significant differences in pH , water Holding capacity, Cooking loss. In conclusion, protease enzyme added poultry by product meal enhanced the weight gain and performance of broiler birds . Key words: Protease enzyme;carcass charateristics;PBM;broilersItem Development of Hot Smoked Tuna (Thunnus Albacares) with Cinnamon Wood and Different Fruit Flavorings(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2016) Rupasinghe, R.N.Humans consume fish in variety of ways by making different dishes because of its nutritive value and characteristic flavor compounds present (Balami et al., 2019). Fish is prominent among highly nutritious food which is comprised of proteins and amino acids (Karunarathna and Attygalle, 2019), fatty acids (Peng et al., 2013a), minerals (Karunarathna and Attygalle, 2019) and vitamins (Peng et al., 2013a). Tuna fish industry comprised of six principal market species. Yellow fin tuna (Sharons albacares) is one of the prominent specie in Sri Lankan fisheries. According to fisheries statistics (2018) total production of yellow fin tuna in Sri Lanka was 38,960 metric tons. It is significantly higher value with compared to billfish, seer fish and carangids production of Sri Lanka. Yellow fin tuna is good source of nutrients. Karunarathna and Attyalle (2019) reported that, moisture, protein, lipid and ash content of yellow fin tuna white muscle was 72.44%, 21.42%, 0.88% and 1.12% respectively. Other than that yellow fin tuna is considered as good source of amino acids and fatty acids. Tuna muscles are rich in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (16.91%) and eicosapentanoic acid (EPA) (2.39%) (Peng et al., 2013). DHA and EPA health beneficial fatty acids, especially for cardiovascular diseases. n-3/n-6 ratio can be used as indicator for comparing the relative nutritive values of different fish oils (Peng et al., 2013). Due to high nutrition content and moisture content, fish is considered as highly perishable food (Ojutiku e/ al., 2009). Therefore, preservation is important to reduce the deterioration Of food. Perishable food can be preserved by many processes such as salting, sun drying, freezing, canning and smoking (Shajil et al., 2018).Item Effect of Feeding Silage Incorporated Ration on Production Performances of Temperate Cross-Bred Dairy Cows in Dry Zone of Sri Lanka(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2016) Priyankara, D.M.Forage scarcity during the drought seasons has a negative impact on productivity of dairy cows reared in the Dry Zone of Sri Lanka. Therefore, utilization of conserved forages (i.e., silage) was identified as a reliable solution for this. Current study was conducted to assess the effect of commercially available silage on production performances and profitability of temperate crossbred dairy cows reared in Dry Zone, Sri Lanka. Fourteen multiparous, temperate crossbred (Jersey x Friesian) dairy cows with 430.1 ± 4.01 kg average body weight were used for the experiment. Cows were divided in to two groups considering the provision of a forage-based ration (Control) and a forage & silage (30% fresh matter) mixed ration (Treatment). Silage utilized in the study was a commercially available corn-based silage product. Cows were fed for 5 weeks during the months of February and March. The experiment was on a randomized complete block design with two treatments (i.e., forage-based diet alone and forage & silage mixed diet) and the lactation stage was considered in blocking the animals (early lactation and mid lactation). Body weight, fresh matter intake, individual milk yields were recorded. Ration samples were collected and analyzed for dry matter, ash, crude protein, crude fat, acid detergent fiber content and neutral detergent fiber content. Benefit Cost ration (B:C Ratio) was calculated to assess the profitability of the feeding regimens. Cows fed with corn silage had recorded significantly higher (P<0.05) per day milk production compared to cows did not receive a corn silage-based ration. As such, silage feeding resulted 23.57 L/cow higher (P<0.05) cumulative milk production at five weeks compared to their counterparts (104.96 vs. 81.39 L/cow). Silage feeding did not indicate any significant (P>0.05) effect on fresh matter intake and body weight gain of the experimental cows. Further, both control and treatment rations indicated B:C ratios higher than one (01) throughout the experimental period. It indicted that both rations were profitable to be utilized in proper circumstances. Considering the increment of milk production and the profitability, silage feeding could be recommended as a promising solution for forage scarcity faced by dairy farmers during the drought seasons. Key words: Corn silage; Dairy cows; Drought season; Milk productionItem Development of Probiotic Drinking Yoghurt from Goat Milk.(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2016) Ishara, M.L.C.Drinking yoghurts are fermented dairy beverages consumed worldwide and can be supplemented with substances that provide extra health benefits such as probiotic strains. In this context, the present study aimed to prepare a drinking yoghurt using goat's milk with the commercially available Lactobacillus acidophilus probiotic strain and identify the viability of probiotic cells at 12 days of storage. Three formulations of drinking yoghurt were developed by changing the level and type of stabilizers, namely gelatin (1.5 g, 2g and 2.5 g) and modified starch (3.5 g, 3g, 2.5 g). The preparations were evaluated for viscosity, syneresis, sensory attributes, and survivability of probiotics during storage at 4°C for 12 days and microbiological analysis for yeast and mold, and E coli were analyzed. The viscosity was increased (P<0.05), syneresis was reduced (P<0.05) and titratable acidity was increased (P<0.05) due to increased level of the microbial count with the storage time. The probiotic population in drinking yoghurt remained 6 log cfu/g after 12 days of the storage. Proximate analysis included the analysis of fat, ash, protein content of raw, and fermented goat milk sample and did not differ (P > 0.05) with different stabilizer levels. Yoghurt made with 2.5 g of gelatin and 2.5 g of modified starch received the highest overall acceptability. The Result from the present study suggests that probiotic added goat's milk drinking yoghurt which formulated with 2.5 g of gelatin and 2.5 g of modified starch levels may be best with good textural properties includes, less 'syneresis, high viscosity and better stability and best sensory properties at 12 days of storage.Item Analysis of Consumption Patterns of Probiotic Incorporated Fermented Dairy Products in Sri Lanka(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2016) Hanouf, M.H.M.Probiotic dairy foods are considered one of the major functional food substances in the world. Consumers have been more health-conscious in recent years, and as a result, they are seeking more information on how to live a healthy life by consuming good food. Probiotic and probiotic products are having the possibility to attract those health-conscious consumers because of their health-promoting effects and lower cost. To our knowledge, there are no studies that analyze the consumer demand for probiotic fermented dairy products in Sri Lanka. This study focused on analyzing the consumer knowledge, attitudes, socio-demographic and economic factors that affect the consumption pattern of probiotic fermented dairy products in Sri Lanka. A total of 405 households from all nine provinces in Sri Lanka were surveyed with an online questionnaire. According to the results, 46% of the respondents have awareness of probiotics. Consumers were categorized into 4 groups based on the consumption level of dairy foods containing probiotic bacteria (per week) as never, low, medium, and high. The study showed that 53% of the respondents belong to the low-level consumption category, 27% have medium level consumption, 9% are in the high-level consumption category and 11% of the responders never consumed probiotic incorporated dairy products. An ordered logistic regression model was employed to analyze the relationships between the consumption levels of probiotics and number of demographics and socio¬economic characteristics of consumers such as gender, age, marital status, household size, presence of children, household income, locality, education level etc. .Attitudes of the respondents on health and nutrition aspects of probiotics, sensory attributes of probiotic products, access to probiotic foods and the impact of product promotions were also assessed using descriptive methods. The results reveal that probiotic consumption level is significantly and positively influenced by gender, marital status, household income, advertisements, and consumer's attitude on health and negatively influenced by household size and poor availability. The findings of this study give useful information to producers for their production and marketing strategies which are most suitable to fit with the demand characteristics and consumer expectations. Keywords: Probiotic; Dairy Products; Consumption Patterns; Ordered Logistic Regression; Sri Lanka