International Research Conference of UWU-2020

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Abundance and Diversity of Reef Associated Fish Species in the Eastern Coast of Sri Lanka
(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2020) Ramawickrama, N. W.; Thilakarathne, E. P. D. N.; Herath, H. M. T. N. B.; Malshani, P. K. T.; Egodauyana, K. P. U. T.
Reef fishes are important marine fauna that provides benefits to reef ecosystems. Although their ecological role is extremely important for the healthiness of the coral reef ecosystem, marine ornamental fishing industry, coastal food fish industry, tourism industry, and lack of monitoring and caring, severely degrade reef fish stocks in the eastern coast of Sri Lanka. Since it is highly important to keep up to date scientific records, a survey was conducted in the final quarter of 2019 using fish belt transect method by snorkeling and/or diving over five selected sites; Passikudah, Kayankerni, Adukkuparu, Parrot rock, and Pigeon island as major and most important reefs in Eastern coast. Threats on sites were identified by visual observation and questioner surveying. 289 reef fish species belonging to 41 families were recorded from all five sites. Reef fish species of each site recorded as 41, 131, 31, 103, and 156 respectively. The highest abundance of fish was recorded in the Kayankerni reef, with a greater number of Damselfish and their abundance was increased from shallow (1 m) to deeper (5 m) area while the lowest abundance was recorded in the Adukkuparu reef. The highest biodiversity (0.96), species richness (103), and evenness (0.65) were recorded in the Parrot rock which may due to the highest recorded coral diversity (0.93) and lives coral cover (70%) of the reef. Lowest reef fish diversity (0.68) was recorded in the Passikudah reef which may due to the low coral diversity of the reef (21% live coral cover) but with the highest (51%) algae cover. Marine ornamental fish trade, tourist attraction, invasive species, and pollution were the majorly identified threats to reef fish stocks in the eastern coast of Sri Lanka. Acanthaster planci and Halimeda sp. are the identified invasive species. Reef fish species and Coral reefs on the eastern coast are in highly threaten level and the Parrot rock and the Kayankerni reefs are recommended to declare as marine national parks. Keywords: Reef fish, Coral reefs, Eastern coast of Sri Lanka, Kayankerni and Pigeon Island
Anesthetic Efficacy of Clove oil, Benzocaine and MS-222 under Simulated Long Transportation Conditions of Koi (Cyprinus carpio L.)
(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2020) Silva, S.S.U.; Liyanage, N.P.P.; Mudalige, A.R.; Fernando, E.S.R.
Koi (Cyprinus carpio) is one of the most popular temperate ornamental fish species. Growth of the Koi trade in Sri Lanka is hindered by poor packing strategies and mortalities during transport. Therefore, the study aimed at evaluating the anesthetic efficacy of Clove oil, Benzocaine, and MS-222 in simulated long transportation conditions on Koi. 75 d old Koi with standard length (6.025 ± 0.04 cm) and weight (6.153 ± 0.23 g) were selected for the experiments. These individuals were subjected to four different dosages of anesthetics, based on the results obtained at the range-finding test. Each sample consists of 10 individuals and dosages were triplicated. Samples were exposed to simulated transportation conditions for 10, 20, 30, 40 h, and effective dose for each anesthetic was determined by assessing the Sedation Induction Time (SIT), Recovery Achievement Time (RAT), Mortality Rate and Post-exposure Survival Rate of Koi. Changes in water quality parameters including pH, ammoniacal nitrogen, and dissolved oxygen in transport water were recorded. Results obtained were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's’ method and General MANOVA using Minitab 17.0 version (p< 0.05). Among four different test concentrations used for clove oil, 145 µLL-l was recorded as the best concentration while 140 µLL-l and 70 mgL -1were obtained for Benzocaine and MS-222 respectively, based on the results obtained from statistical analysis of SIT and RAT (p<0.05). Further, there were 0% mortalities for the 40 h test period and 7 d after recovery for all the three anesthetics at effective concentrations (p<0.05). In conclusion, the present study indicates that all three anesthetics perform well in the above concentrations. However, clove oil can be used as a good substitute for synthetic anesthetics because of its efficacy at a lower dosage with higher safety at a low cost. Keywords: Sedation, Ornamental carp, Ornamental fish trade, Mortality rate, Packing density
Comparative Study on Growth Performance and Profitability of Shrimp Farming Industry in Sri Lanka: Native Penaeus monodon vs. Imported Specific Pathogen Free
(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2020) Priyadarshana, S.D.A.M.; Athula, J.A.; Ranathunga, R.M.N.P.K.; Lakmal, J.A.S.; Adikari, A.M.L.W.
Until 2018, Penaeus monodon was the main commercial-scale cultured shrimp species in Sri Lanka and the seed production industry depended on wild-caught native broodstock. Due to the high prevalence of White Spot Disease among the wild-collected brood shrimps, the farming industry has been affected by post larvae shortage and disease outbreaks. As a solution, National Aquaculture Development Authority has decided in 2016 to introduce Specific Pathogen Free (SPF) broodstock to the industry imported from Thailand and they are planning to encourage the SPF shrimp farming in the country. Therefore, this study was focused to compare the growth performance and profitability of farming these two varieties. During the period of 21st March 2019 to 28th February 2020, 14 ponds for each variety were selected from the Ambakandawila area in Puttalam District for the study. Data collection was initiated after the 8th week of the stocking and continued up to the harvest. Specific Growth Rate (SGR), Survival Rate (SR), Average Daily Gain (ADG) of the body weight, Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR), total cost, revenue, and net profit were calculated. SGR was recorded as 2.51 ± 0.1 & 2.13 ± 0.06 and ADG of the body weight was recorded as 0.31 ± 0.02 & 0.23 ± 0.01 g day-1 for SPF and native shrimp varieties respectively. SR was recorded as 70.1 ± 3.4% & 69.9 ± 3.2% and FCR was recorded as 1.51 ± 0.04 and 1.54 ± 0.07 for SPF and native shrimp varieties respectively. It recorded 1,482,311.62 ± 50,687.49 and 1,087,716.21 ± 72,449.54 LKR acre-1 as the total cost of the farming of SPF and native shrimp varieties respectively. Total revenue was recorded as 1,783,733 ± 102,197 and 1,535,122 ± 162,199 LKR acre-1 and estimated net profit was calculated as 301,421 ± 105,412 and 447,406 ± 101,576 LKR acre-1 for SPF and native shrimp culture systems respectively. Although the SGR, SR, ADG, FCR are better in SPF shrimps than native shrimps, profitability mainly depends on the total cost. Keywords: SPF Penaeus monodon, Shrimp farming, Growth performance, Profitability
Comparative Study on Ring Net and Bottom-Set Gillnet Fisheries in Thalaimannar Pier, Sri Lanka
(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2020) Kulas, J.A.J.F.; Wickramaratne, I.U.; Sosai, B.M.K.; Gayathry, L.D.
Thalaimannar Pier, Sri Lanka was dominant with Ring net (Surukku) and Bottom-set gillnet fisheries. Details with those fisheries were lacking in the literature. A comparative study of both fisheries in Thalaimannar Pier was vital towards sustainable exploitation of fishery resources. The study aims at determining Catch-Per-Unit-Effort (CPUE), catch composition, and supply chain analysis of selected species from two fisheries last October (2019) to early January (2020). Total catch was recorded to the nearest kilogram and effort in-unit kilograms per square meter (kgm-2 ). The total catch of fish species in ring & gill nets was recorded. Results showed ring net catch mainly comprised of finfish (97.8%), crustaceans (1%), mollusk (1%); 1.2% were non-target species. Bottom-set gillnet catch comprises of crustaceans (50%), finfish (25%), mollusk (20%), and echinoderms (1%). Portunus pelagicus was the major target species, nearly 43% of the total catch. Out of the total, 29% of the bottom-set gillnet catch was discarded as nontarget species. Gillnet produced more non-target species. Mean CPUE (kgm-2 ) and standard deviation of ring & gill nets were 0.205 ± 0.062 and 0.0711 kgm-2 ± 0.018 respectively. CPUE for ring net increased from Late-November to Early-January; for gillnet, it decreased from mid November to early January. Sardinella gibbosa showed 71.11% of the price difference from wholesalers to outside retailers and Pampus argenteus (only exportable species) showed 47% of it from fishers to exporters in the supply chain. Ring net was harmful due to comparatively high catch per unit effort which may lead to overexploitation of commercially important fish populations. Gillnet was also harmful due to the high catch of non-target species. The current study provides baseline information that paves the way for sustainable exploitation of the aforementioned fisheries. Keywords: Ring net & Bottom-set gillnet fisheries, Catch per unit effort, By-catch
Comparison of Dressing Percentage and Meat Quality Traits of Broilers Reared under Different Housing Systems
(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2020) Subhashini, J.A.S.; Umagiliya, M.D.; Zoysa, G.M.; Jayasena, D.D.
At present, open house and closed house systems take a major position for broiler production and no scientific studies have been conducted on dressing percentage and meat quality traits of broilers reared under these housing systems in Sri Lankan context. Therefore, this study was performed to compare the dressing percentage and meat quality traits of broilers reared under the open house and closed house systems. Ten birds from each housing system were selected randomly at the slaughtering line in a commercial broiler processing plant. Dressing percentages and physicochemical and sensory quality traits were determined. Sensory evaluation was conducted using a 7-point hedonic scale and 30 untrained panelists for appearance, color, flavor, aroma, juiciness, texture, mouthfeel, and overall acceptability. Results showed that broilers from the closed house had a significantly higher dressing percentage (82.95%) than those from open houses (79.50%) (p<0.05). Higher protein content (23.08%), pH value (6.62), cooking loss (32.12%), hardness, gumminess, and chewiness while a lower water holding capacity (75.80%) were observed in meat from open house system compared to that from closed house system (p<0.05). Further, thigh meat showed significantly higher moisture content (77.27%), fat content (3.37%), a* value (11.52), pH value (6.65), and cooking loss (31.93%) and lower protein content (19.16%) and L* value (58.13) than breast meat (p<0.05). Sensory evaluation results showed no significant difference between meat from the two systems (P>0.05). In conclusion, dressing percentage and physicochemical properties were affected by the housing system and the anatomical location of meat. But, the sensory properties of both breast and thigh meat were not affected by housing systems. Keywords: Open house, Closed house, Sensory, Cooking loss
Development of Fish Feed Using Marigold Petals and Banana Peel to Enhance the Coloration of Koi Carp (Cyprinus carpio)
(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2020) Sachintha, S.L.; Coswatte, A.C.W.W.M.C.L.K.; Bambaranda, B.V.A.S.M.
Koi is an economically important fish variety because of the wide diversity of skin color patterns. Fishes are unable to synthesis carotenoids in their body. The culture of ornamental fish without supplementation of dietary carotenoids leads to fade coloration. But synthetic carotenoids are expensive. Marigold petals (Tagetes erecta) and banana peels (Musa acuminata) are inexpensive, abundant, rich in carotenoids, and discarded as wastes. The objective of this study was to develop a suitable color enhancing fish feed and enhance the skin color of Koi carp by using natural color pigments. An experiment was carried out for nine weeks to enhance the body coloration of Koi carp under laboratory conditions. Four weeks old, 252 Kohaku fish were randomly introduced into seven treatments with triplicates. Marigold petals and banana peels were sundried, ground into fine particles, and sieved. Color enhancing diets were prepared with different concentrations (5, 10, 15%) of sun-dried marigold petal powder and banana peel powder; with the control treatment; commercial fish feed. All seven feed types were analysed for crude protein, crude lipid, ash, and moisture. Feed samples were checked for changes in physical properties at room temperature and refrigerated conditions (4 ºC) for one month. The total carotenoid concentration of all diets was measured using a UV spectrophotometer. The color analysis of the fish skin was done by a photographic method using Image J software. After 9 weeks from feeding, maximum skin coloration of Kohaku fish was achieved by the feed incorporated with 15% Marigold petal powder and 15% banana peel powder with significantly different. (p<0.005). Marigold petal incorporated feed obtained high skin coloration than banana peels. The lowest skin coloration was achieved in commercial fish feed. The growth rate of fish did not show any significant difference among prepared feeds during the trial. This study showed that prepared diets using Marigold petals and banana peel with different concentrations provide adequate enhancement of coloration for Kohaku fish with a short time. Keywords: Kohaku Carp, Fish feed, Skin coloration, Marigold petals, Banana peels
Diurnal Avifaunal Diversity at Pallemalala, Bundala, Sri Lank
(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2020) Gunawardena, M.P.; Hettiarachchi, C.J.; Kahandawa, D.D.; Rathnayaka, T.S.B.; Mahamoor, F.M.; Malwattage, S.D.P.; Chandrawansa, P.H.N.R.; Mandawala, E.N.
In a world of rapid development influences such as anthropogenic land use, effects of invasive fauna and flora, suburbanization, and pollution are major causes for declining of biodiversity and it is needed to understand the state of biodiversity to aid management and conservation. To successfully manage land use in ways that are least harmful to biodiversity it is vital to be able to identify habitats that are of most important for biodiversity beyond the protected areas. In this study diurnal avifaunal diversity was studied at unprotected natural habitat (Pallemalala, Bundala) adjacent to Bundala National Park, during two months (from March to April 2018), using the fixed distance line transect method. A total number of 2540 of individuals belonging to 52 species, 34 families and 13 orders were recorded during the study period. The relative abundance of each bird species indicates that the Black-winged stilt (Himantopus himantopus) was the most common bird (7.40) followed by Yellow wattled lapwing (Vanellus malabaricus) (7.25) and Yellow billed Babbler (Turdoides affinis) (6.50). Yellow Bittern (Ixobrychus sinensis), Pied kingfisher (Ceryle rudis), Indian paradise flycatcher (Terpsiphone paradisi), Grey heron (Ardea cinerea) and White-bellied Sea Eagle (Haliastur leucogaster) were the least observed birds. The Shanon diversity index was 3.5106. Even though the study site is close to populated residential areas; it still provides vital habitat to a large number of bird species. However, due to the increasing number of invasive species and pollution around the area, there is a potential increasing threat to the avifaunal composition in the non-protected area natural habitats outside the Bundala National Park. In conclusion, the unprotected habitat at Pallemalala, Bundala can be considered as an important habitat for avifaunal diversity thus suitable integrated measurements should be implemented with the help of residents to conserve biodiversity in the area. Keywords: Avifauna, Bundala, Diversity
Diversity of Mangrove Associated Brachyuran Fauna in Panama Lagoon, Eastern Coastal of Sri Lanka
(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2020) De Silva, E.R.K.; Jayamanne, S.C.; Abeygunawardana, A.P.
Mangroves are salt-tolerant plant communities that provide unique habitats for a wide range of faunal communities. Panama lagoon is pristine with rich mangrove coverage. The present study was carried out to investigate the diversity of mangrove associated brachyuran fauna in the Panama lagoon, on the East coast of Sri Lanka. Field sampling was conducted in six sampling sites, covering the entire lagoon from November 2019 to January 2020. In each site, three belt transects were laid perpendicular to the lagoon. The belt transects were 10 m to 30 m depending on the length of the mangrove patch. It was subdivided into 10 m×10 m plots and which had six 1 m×1 m randomly selected sampling units. The sampling area was dug into the water level until the crabs were caught and picked by hand. Several crabs from different species were recorded. Crabs were identified up to species level using external morphological characters. Salinity, temperature, and pH of mangrove soil were measured. Seven species of brachyuran crabs belonging to four families were identified up to the species level. They were Parasesarma plicatum, Metopograpsus thukuhar, Metasesarma obesum, Episesarma mederi, Episesarma versicolor, Cardisoma armatum, and Varuna litterata. The Parasesarma plicatum was recorded as the most dominant species due to it was recorded in whole sites of the lagoon. The lower and middle areas of the lagoon recorded 1.51 and 1.13 for the Shannon wiener indexes and no species found in the upper area of the lagoon. The distribution pattern of dominant species up to 10 m, 20 m, 30m level. The salinity showed a negative correlation (p < 0.01) with the increasing distance from the lagoon. The distribution of Cardisoma armatum showed a positive correlation (p< 0.01) with the soil salinity. Panama lagoon consists of rich brachyuran fauna diversity and it plays a virtual role in the ecological process and must be conserved for the future generation. Keywords: Brachyuran crabs, Fauna, Mangrove, Panama lagoon, Shannon wiener indexes
Effect of Bread Fruit (Artocarpus altilis) Flour on Growth Performance and Meat Quality Parameters of Broiler Chickens
(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2020) Dayarathna, N.K.P.K.; Jayarathna, G.G.N.; Jayasena, D.D.; Dissanayake, S.P.; Nambapana, N.M.N.
Breadfruit flour (BFF) is considered as an energy rich food ingredient which provides an excellent source of calories for the diet. The study reported herein was conducted to determine the effect of breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) flour on growth performance and meat quality parameters of broiler chickens. Ninety-day old Cobb 500 broiler chicks were randomly assigned into three dietary treatments as control (0% BFF), treatment 1 (5% BFF), and treatment 2 (10% BFF) in a booster, starter and finisher diets, respectively. Each treatment replicated three times with 10 birds per replicate. Body weight, feed intake and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were recorded for 5-weeks. On day-36, two birds from each replicate were randomly selected and were slaughtered for carcass analysis. Data were analysed using a one-way analysis for a variance by using Minitab 17 software. Tukey multiple range test was used to determine the significant differences between experimented groups at p<0.05. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) on feed intake of broilers fed different dietary treatments. Birds fed 10% BFF achieved the highest (p<0.05) weight gain and the lowest FCR compared to other treatments. The highest (p<0.05) dressing percentage and the relative weights (p<0.05) of heart, liver, and intestines were recorded from the birds fed the diet having 10% BFF. No significant effect (p>0.05) was observed in proximate composition and meat quality parameters tested. Sensory attributes were higher in birds fed treatment 2 and the highest (p<0.05) overall acceptability was recorded by the birds fed with 10% BFF. In conclusion, breadfruit flour can be incorporated into broiler diets at a 10% level to enhance body weight, good carcass yield, and to improve meat quality parameters of broiler chickens without any negative effects. Keywords: Breadfruit flour, Broiler chickens, Growth performance, Meat quality
Effect of farming system on energy balance of temperate crossbred dairy cows in early lactation: A case study conducted at Welimada Veterinary Division
(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2020) Piyathissa, W.N.B.A.; Mahipala, M.B.P.K.; Weerasinghe, W.M.P.B.; Kasthuriarachchi, S.; Gamage, S.; Ranaweera, K.K.T.N.
The early lactation period of dairy cows in Sri Lanka has been identified with negative energy balance (NEB) due to improper feeding strategies. Hence, the objective of the current study was to evaluate the energy balance of temperate crossbred dairy cows in early lactation reared under two management systems (stallfed and tethered) at Welimada Veterinary Division. Forty dairy cows in early lactation were selected for the study (stallfed, n=20, and tethered, n=20). The energy balance was evaluated using a serum metabolic profile. Blood samples collected (between 0900 to 1030 hrs.) from each cow were analysed for serum Non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and Beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) contents and values were compared with reference ranges. Milk production, parity, days in milk (DIM), and amount of concentrate fed were recorded. The average DIM was recorded as 30.75 days. The NEFA content of cows in both systems (0.30±0.05 vs. 0.39±0.07 mmol L-1 ) was below the upper critical limit of the reference range and no significant difference (p>0.05) was observed between systems. Yet, the BHBA content of cows in the tethered system was significantly higher (p<0.05) than its counterpart (0.81±0.22 vs. 0.35±0.06 mmol L-1 ) and it was close to the upper critical limit (0.854 mmol L-1 ). Higher BHBA contents indicate NEB conditions during early lactation. The number of concentrates fed to stall-fed cows was observed to be significantly higher (p<0.05) than its counterpart (13.64±0.42 vs. 4.46±0.29 kg/cow/d). Similarly, stallfed cows indicated higher (p<0.05) milk production (19.88±0.26 vs. 6.93±0.40 L/cow/d). Results revealed that only the tethered cows were affected with NEB status. The reasons for low milk production and NEB in tethered cows could be due to lack of energy intake which was indicated by the low amount of concentrate fed. Further research is warranted to identify methods for increasing the energy intake of tethered dairy cows at early lactation while considering the socioeconomics of the farming system. Keywords: Beta-hydroxybutyrate, Milk production, Non-esterified fatty acids, Stallfed, tethered
The Effect of Pre-incubation Storage Duration on the Embryonic Development and Hatch Weight in Cobb 500 Broiler Hatching Eggs
(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2020) Yasas, M.M.P.; Nambapana, N.M.N.; Jayaseena, D.K.D.D.; Kumara, P.
It is a common practice of storing hatching eggs until they are finally placed in an incubator. The effect of pre-incubation storage duration on embryonic development and hatch weight has not been fully investigated. This study was conducted to identify the effect of pre-incubation storage duration on embryonic development, hatch weight, and to determine the best pre-incubation storage duration that gives the highest embryonic development, hatch weight in broiler hatching eggs. Broiler hatching egg samples with the weight range of 64-67g and approximately similar colour and shape index from the Cobb 500 strain were randomly selected from 8 a.m. to 9.30 a.m. for the experiment and stored under 16-18°C and 75% relative humidity. Six experiments were carried out and each experiment consisted of the 15 treatments and 3 replicates. Day 1 storage of the egg samples was considered as the control and day 2 to day 15 of the storage were the rest of the treatments. The embryonic development was measured by the diameter of the blastoderms, the diameter of the blood rings, the highest distance between air sac, and the area of blood vessels spread and the weight of 15 days old embryos. The hatch weight was measured at the initial and the post stages of the hatching. Collected data were subjected to the One-way ANOVA technique independently for each experiment. The embryonic development was decreased (p<0.05) from day 8 of the storage and the hatching weight was decreased (p<0.05) from day 9 of the storage. The maximum embryonic development and the hatching weight were observed on day 3 of the storage. The reason for delay the development after 3rd day of storage can be the delay of initial embryonic development due to cold storage. In conclusion, broiler hatching eggs can be stored up to 7 days without reducing embryonic development (p<0.05) and up to 8 days without reducing hatch weight (p<0.05). The maximum embryonic development and the hatching weight were obtained on day 3 of the storage. Keywords: Broiler, Cobb 500, Hatching eggs, Embryonic development, Hatch weight
Embedded System for Identifying the Quality of Grass Using Colour Patterns for the Sri Lankan Dairy Industry
(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2020) Jayaweera, S.M.D.B.; Rupasinghe, P.M.S.; Eranda, S.A.L.; Ratnayake, A.M.B.; Jayasinghe, J.M.P.; Wilson, R.S.I.
Sri Lankan dairy sector operates at its suboptimal level. Efficient and reliable technologies are needed to increase productivity enabling farmers to make farm management decisions based on accurate and current information. Precision farming technologies could be successfully integrated to monitor farm-grown pasture and make real-time decisions to optimize utilization. The present study is aimed to develop an embedded system-based method to efficiently monitor and utilize available pasture in dairy farming. A custom-made drone with F450 frame and Ardu pilot mega 2.6 was used in the study. The drone was tested at Uva Wellassa University and NLDB farm, Melsiripura. Flight controller was automated using the mission planner tool to fly at an automated waypoint flight of a Grid pattern. Drone mounted go-pro camera was used to acquire pre-processed images contained GPS metadata and webODM tool merged images with GPS data to produce a georeferenced output (Orthomosaic image). Developed shadow removal algorithm converted BGR to YCbCr color space and computed average Y channel and intensities. Subsequent process detected shadow regions and saved binary shadow images. Then the algorithm computed average pixel intensities of shadow and non-shadow areas adding difference with Y channel. Furthermore, the color identification algorithm obtained shadow processed image and applied the median filter (blur/Sharpened image) to convert color mode from RGB to HSV format. The image was color filtered based on identified color ranges of high yield grass. To identify overall color identification, an aerial map was marked by an expert in the field, subsequently algorithm processed image and marked image compared. Images were measured by pixels coverage of marked area and results provided a 90% identification rate through the algorithm. Results revealed, developed an embedded system-based method successfully measured field grass coverage compared with a manual method. Keywords: Embedded system, Pasture, Precision agriculture, Colour identification
Extraction of Crude Protein from Hilsa kelee and Determination of its functional properties
(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2020) Jayathissa, R.C.M.; Rupasinghe, R.A.; Abeyrathne, E.D.N.S.
Karattaya (Hilsa kelee) is a marine pelagic species. H. kelee is a seasonal fish species and has high catch from April to September. However, it does not have a high market demand due to its bony structure and sharp tough bones which make it hard to eat. Due to that, it generates a large quantity of waste and currently used only in the production of fish meal. Therefore, the objective of this study was to develop a simple nontoxic method for extracting crude protein from H. kelee and to determine the functional properties of the extract. Collected fish samples were blended and treated with 04 different ratios as a sample: distilled water 1:1, 1:2, 1:3 and 1:4 to separate sarcoplasmic proteins followed with salt extraction with 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% (w/v) concentrated NaCl at 1:10 ratio to separate myofibrillar proteins separately. Crude extraction was lyophilized and selected the best ratio and concentrate by using the yield and SDS-PAGE analysis. Antimicrobial properties, antioxidant properties, and metal chelating properties of selected extracted crude protein were determined. All treatments were replicated (n=3). H. kelee contained moisture, ash, crude protein 67.39 ± 2.23%, 5.07. ± 0.92% and 20.38 ± 2.38%, respectively. In yield analysis of water extraction 1:4 ratio showed the highest yield compared to other treatments (p<0.05). In salt extraction, there was no significant difference between yields (p>0.05), therefore 5% (w/v) was selected as the best sample for further experiment. Antioxidant activities of extracted Fish Protein Concentrates (FPC) were higher in the salt extracted sample than the water extracted sample (p<0.05). FPC had a negative response to the Fe2+ chelating activity. No inhibition was observed against E. coli and Total Plate Count (TPC) up to 20,000 ppm concentration in all FPC. It concludes that extracted FPC contains strong antioxidant properties. However, they do not exhibit Fe2+ chelating properties and antimicrobial properties. Keywords: Hilsa kelee, Fish Protein Concentrate, Extraction, Antioxidant property
Extraction of Crude Protein from Sargassum crassifolium Harvested from the South Coast of Sri Lanka and to Determination of the Functional Properties of the Crude Extracts
(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2020) Maldeniya, M. U. S.; Egodauyana, K.P.U.T.; Abeyrathne, E.D.N.S.
Oceans provide an attractive domain for nutrient sources with the rising global population and decreasing available land and freshwater resources. Marine macroalgae, Sargassum crassifolium has a higher growth rate around the country. It has 9–20% protein content which changes based on the environmental conditions. This study aimed to compare different effective processes to extract crude protein and studying the functional properties of the crude extract from S. crassifolium harvested from Matara, Sri Lanka. Proximate composition was determined and extracted crude protein from S. crassifolium using different protocols (water, salt, ethanol, and alkaline). Extracted crude protein was lyophilized and used for protein quantification and all extracts were analysed by using 15% SDS-PAGE. Selected best yield ratio was used to observe antioxidant properties and antimicrobial properties. Raw seaweed contains 82.61% ±0.47 moisture, 2.45% ±0.47 crude fat, 10.29% ±0.35 protein, and 3.52% ±0.19 ash respectively. Based on yield analysis 1:3 (water extraction), 4% (salt extraction), 1:3 (alkaline extraction) and 1:4 (ethanol extraction) were selected as best. Developed protocols containing 13.34% ±0.97 (Water extraction), 17.69% ±1.39 (Salt extraction), 4.39% ±0.44 (Alkaline extraction) and 9.74% ±0.56 (Ethanol extraction) crude protein respectively (p<0.05). All treatments showed a low-intensity band pattern with 15% SDS-PAGE, confirming the characteristics of the protein. For DPPH radical scavenging activity, the salt extract showed higher activity with 58.94% ±1.52, and ethanol extract showed the highest ironchelating and low malondialdehyde concentration (p<0.05). Results of Total Plate Count showed less antibacterial activities among crude protein extracts of S. crassifolium (p<0.05). These results conclude that crude protein produced from S. crassifolium has good antioxidants, metal chelating, and antibacterial properties which can be used in the food industry. Keywords: Sargassum crassifolium, Crude protein, Antioxidant, Metal chelating, Antibacterial
Growth Performances of Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Fed with Duckweed (Lemna minor)
(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2020) Harshani, H.M.D.; Coswatte, A.C.W.W.M.C.L.K.; Jayamanne, S.C.
Food fish is the most valuable protein source and highly enriched with many nutrients. The cost of feed is the major reason for decreasing food fish production. The present study was conducted to identify the effect of duckweed on the growth of Tilapia. Five different diets (experiment, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) were prepared with 40% crude protein while control diet. Experiment 1 contained a 0% duckweed leaf meal. Fish meal in experiment 2-5 was partially replaced with 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50% of dried duckweed leaf meal. Tilapia fry (bodyweight 0.21± 0.007 g and standard length 0.73± 0.005 cm) reared in indoor glass tanks were used for each experiment's diets ensuring three replicates. Daily feed allowance (5% of body weight of fish) was offered at 0900 h. and 1500 h. Results showed that mean weight gain recorded in fish fed with the experimental diets 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 were significantly different from that of fish fed with the control diet (p< 0.05). There was a significant difference in the Specific Growth Rate of fish fed with the control diet and the experimental diets. Survival Rate of the fish fed with the experimental diets 2, 3, 4 was not significantly different (p> 0.05) with a control diet, when diet 5 and 6 were significantly different (p<0.05) with a control diet at the end of the study period. The highest Feed Conversion Ratio was recorded in fish fed with a control diet (1.28) and the lowest ratio was recorded in diet 4 (0.98). Protein Efficiency Ratio of fish fed with every 5 experimental diets were significantly different from the control diet (p<0.05) at the end of the study period. The cost of production for 1 kg of feed was considerably low for diet 6 compared to the control diet. Present results showed that 30% of dried duckweed leaf meal in a formulated diet for Nile Tilapia fish is very effective and showed the highest growth rate. Keywords: Oreochromis niloticus, Duckweed, Crude protein, Growth performance, Fish feed
Illustration of Key Morphological Characteristics of Highly Demanded, Export Restricted and Export Prohibited Marine Ornamental Fish Species in Sri Lanka
(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2020) Dhananjaya, B.G.N.; Dias, P.C.B.; Herath, H.M.T.N.B.; Deyshappriya, N.P.R.; Liyanage, N.P.P.
The marine ornamental fish export industry becomes a valuable foreign income generator over the past few years. However, illegal exporting of marine ornamental fishes has threatened the most marine species. Illegal exports continue, despite the available sufficient regulations including Fauna and Flora Protection Act No 49 of 1993 and Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Act No. 02 of 1996 of Sri Lanka. Illegal exporting of marine ornamental fishes also attributed to the misidentification of the marine species. Therefore, the present study aimed to develop a user-friendly marine ornamental fish identification guide based on a dichotomous key which aids to minimize the misidentification issues. Ten highly demanded marine ornamental species were selected from the Sri Lanka Customs database. In addition to that, 14 export restricted marine ornamental species and 17 export-prohibited species were chosen for preparation of the guide based on Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Act No. 02 of 1996. Secondary data were utilized to identify the morphometric and meristic characters that discriminate against the fish families. Morphological characters used to identify the species are included; body colour, body patterns, pectoral fin length, presence of stripes, number and position of the photophores, and head length. Fish species that live in the same area at the adult growth stage was used for collecting morphological characteristics among individuals of the same species. Forty-one species under the 16 families were included in the dichotomous key to find out from the study that Family Chaetodontidae has the highest number of restricted species (n=12). Under the prohibited species, family Haemulidae bears the highest number of species (n=4). The developed guide is important for fish divers, collectors, exporters as well as customs officers to identify the restricted and prohibited species. The dichotomous key developed in the present study will be utilized for the development of marine ornamental fish identification mobile application. Keywords: Dichotomous key, Marine ornamental fish, Sri Lanka, Mobile application
Investigating the Existence of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus in Murraya koenigii
(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2020) Athukorala, H.; Subhashini, M.H.A.D.; Alwis, L.M.H.R.; De. Silva, P.D.P.M.
In 2015 the European Union banned importing fresh curry leaves from Sri Lanka due to Citrus greening disease reported in Sri Lanka. Citrus greening is the most dangerous disease in citrus cultivation. The disease is caused by the infection of non-culturable bacteria named Candidatus Liberibacter (CLas). This bacterium transferred by a vector named Asian citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri). Asian citrus psyllid is one of the major pests in Curry leaves. This study was conducted to confirm the existence of Candidatus Liberibacter in Curry leaves by conducting a pathogenicity test to test the ability of CLas to cause the disease. 11 Citrus plants and 11 Curry leaves plants were tested for Candidatus Liberibacter. The presence of CLas in leaf samples were identified by amplification of 1160 bp fragment of 16s rRNA. 10 Curry leaves and 10 Citrus plants were placed inside of a rearing cage in the protected house. One curry leaf and one citrus plant kept outside of the cage but inside the protected house as controls. Approximately, 500 Diaphorina citri insects were collected from several Districts in Sri Lanka and kept in a secondary cage to facilitate the mating process for a week with one feeding plant. Insects were inserted into the main cage. After a month, all plants and some random insect samples were tested for the presence of Candidatus Liberibacter. Initially, all the curry leaves plants and citrus plants give negative results confirming the absence of CLas. After a month, one citrus plant was positive for the presence of CLas and other 9 citrus plants and curry plants produce negative results confirming the absence of CLas. Two random Diaphorina citri samples were checked. One sample was positive and the other one is negative for the presence of CLas. Results indicate that CLas is unable to survive in curry leaves plants, but further studies should be conducted. There is a potential to export fresh curry leaves, due to the absence of CLas in curry leaves. Keywords: Citrus Greening, Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus, Murraya koenigii
Isolation of Salmonella spp, E. coli and Proteus spp from Broiler Chicken Meat and Their Antibiotic Sensitivity to Commonly used Antibiotics
(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2020) Pathiranage, S.U.; Debatapitiya, D.R.A.U.; Gunathilake, M.M.D.N.H.; Nadishani, H.C.; Sithara, U.P.; Hasintha, K.V.D.M.; Thambavita, S.C.; Priyashantha, B.S.; Lankapura, S.N.T.; Jayaweera, T.S.P.; Ruwandeepika, H.A.D.
Development of antimicrobial resistance is a public health concern at the global level, and the spread of antimicrobial resistance are complex problems driven by numerous interconnected factors such as misuse of antimicrobials. Antimicrobial resistance among these foodborne bacteria is common with indiscriminate use of the antimicrobials in food animals. This study was aimed at isolating Salmonella spp, Proteus spp and Escherichia coli from broiler chicken meat and investigating their antibiotic sensitivity to commonly used antibiotics such as trimethoprim (25µg), Ceftriaxone (30µg), gentamycin (10µg), ampicillin (25µg) and ciprofloxacin (30µg) by disk diffusion assay. Meat samples were collected as pooled samples from eight retail shops in the Rathnapura area and 15 organisms were identified by the conventional phenotypic method. Most abundant were Proteus mirabilis (6/15), followed by E.coli (4/15), Salmonella spp (3/15), and Proteus vulgaris (2/15). All Salmonella isolates showed resistance to ampicillin and intermediate resistance to ciprofloxacin whereas all Salmonella isolates were sensitive to ceftriaxone and trimethoprim while 2 of them (Salmonella isolate) were resistant to gentamicin and 1 (Salmonella isolate) showed intermediate resistant. Although all E.coli isolates exhibited resistance to gentamycin and ampicillin some of them were sensitive to ciprofloxacin (3/4), ceftriaxone (2/4) and trimethoprim (1/4). Further, the study indicated that all of Proteus vulgaris are resistant to gentamycin and ampicillin whereas they all were sensitivity to ceftriaxone and ciprofloxacin. Out of six isolates of Proteus mirabilis five isolates were resistant to both gentamycin and trimethoprim whereas they were resistant ampicillin. But five isolates (6) were sensitivity to ceftriaxone. Moreover, some of the organisms (E. coli and Proteus mirabilis) showed multidrug resistance. The findings of the study concluded that there is a risk of development of antibiotic-resistant in broiler chicken and this will be an alarming sign to take precautionary actions. Keywords: Isolation, Salmonella, E. coli, Proteus, Antibiotic sensitivity
Occurrence of Microplastics in Gut and Muscles of Commerson's Anchovy in Madu-Ganga Estuary of Southern Province, Sri Lanka
(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2020) Praboda, M.W.K.; Egodauyana, K.P.U.T.; Wijethunga, H.N.S.; Abeygunawardana, A.P.; Senevirathna, J.D.M.; Thushari, G.G.N.
Plastic pollution causes serious ecological risks on biodiversity with toxicological effects on the biota. The objective of this study was to assess microplastic accumulation in seasonally common fishery resource: Stolephorus commersonnii (Commerson's Anchovy) harvested from Madu-ganga estuarine ecosystem. Fifteen matured fish samples (n=15) were randomly collected from local fishermen from November 2019 to January 2020. Microplastic particles were extracted from the digestive tract and muscles of anchovies using the recommended protocol of 10% KOH digestion. Hot needle test and Fourier Transform Infrared Radiation (FTIR) analysis were used for the confirmation of microscopically observed microplastics in anchovy samples. Microscopically observed microplastics were counted and categorized according to the size, color, and shape of plastics. Results revealed the microplastic accumulation in both the digestive tract and muscles of anchovies. Microplastics accumulate into the muscles via translocation and different respiratory modes. The average microplastic accumulation rate of anchovy gut and muscles were recorded as 301.70±3.58 items/g and 29.33±1.19 items/g respectively. White/transparent microplastic particles were the most abundant type in both guts (145.50±2.18 items/g) and muscles (13.55±1.23 items/g) of fish. However, blue (71.33+0.83 items/g: gut, 9.85+1.13 items/g: muscle), black (37.85+1.07 items/g: gut, 2.49+0.44 items/g: muscle), red (28.31+0.60 items/g: gut, 2.31+0.3 items/g: muscle) and pink (15.31+0.34 items/g: gut 0.96+0.24 items/g: muscle) microplastic debris were also recorded from gut and muscle samples. The majority of accumulated plastics in both gut and muscles were at the size range of 0.50 -1.00 mm. Fiber shape microplastics were observed in all the samples. FTIR results revealed that polypropylene as the only polymer type of microplastics in fish muscles and gut. This polymer is a key component of fishing ropes, netting materials, bottle caps, and packaging materials that enter through tourism/recreational activities and fishery operations into the estuarine ecosystem. Therefore, the current study recommends sustainable, integrated fishery management and eco-tourism programs focusing on plastic pollution control and prevention activities in Madu-ganga estuarine ecosystem. In conclusion, this study highlights the occurrence of microplastic contamination in the estuarine biota and the urgent need for plastic wastes management programs. Keywords: Coastal fishery resources, Estuarine ecosystem, Integrated fishery management, Microplastic accumulation rate, Plastic pollution control programmes
Preliminary Study on Fishery of Gurunagar in Jaffna, Sri Lanka Penaeus monodon
(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2020) Nishanthi, S.; Wickramaratne, I.U.
Gurunagar is one of the major fishing centers and its production rate also high compared with other fishing villages in Jaffna west. Effective sustainable fisheries management measures were not highlighted in Gurunagar fishery previously. This study aimed at collecting information on fishing practices, species composition, fish production, catch per unit effort, supply chain and market structure, and the level of awareness of fisher community as baseline information on fishery sustainability to improve fishery management. This study was carried out from October 2019 to January 2020. Primary data were pre-tested and collected using a questionnaire from 60 individuals, personal interviews, and direct field observation. Secondary data were collected from the Fisheries Department at Jaffna, and journal articles. Data were analysed statistically. The study revealed that a total of 12 types of fishing gears and 5 types of fishing crafts used in Gurunagar fishery. A total number of 53 species, representing 32 families were identified in the Gurunagar fish landing site during the study period. Average fresh fish and dried fish production were found 606 Mt and 56 Mt from October to December, respectively. Fishers caught 8 to 19 kg/100 net square meter-hours, 1 to 2 kg/100 net square meterhours, 1 kg/100 net square meter-hours, and 3 to 4 kg/100 hook-hours using a trawl net, gill net, stake net, and long line on average, respectively. Gurunagar fishery supply chains represented both local and foreign market interventions. Average profit/kg for prawns, seer fish, and needle cuttlefish were 1700, 565, and 425 LKR respectively. Gurunagar fisher community has moderate awareness of the importance of fishery sustainability. Current study findings may pave the way to improve the fishery management system of the Gurunagar area. Keywords: Gurunagar, Supply chain, Fishery sustainability, Catch per unit effort, Awareness

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