Browsing by Author "Wickramasinghe, W."

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    Analysis of Yield and Some Physicochemical Properties of Tallow Rendered from Leather Industry Waste
    (Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2010) Vinothsanker, S.; Wickramasinghe, W.; Samaraweera, A.M.; Cyril, H.W
    Flesh samples collected from fleshing waste of leather factory were heated and tallow was collected as melted fat. The tallow yields were compared on the basis of gender, region, and species. There are significant differences (P<0.05) in tallow yields obtained from cattle with respect to gender and region (Up country and low country), There is no significant difference (P< 0.05) among tallow extracted from males and females of buffalo as well as between the tallow from cattle (Low country) and buffalo (Low Country). The iodine, saponification, acid values and free fatty acid and % of crude fat contents were169.2, 301.0 mg KOH/g, 51.78 mg KOH/g, 0.5 as % of oleic acid and 37.66% respectively. Ash value and moisture contents were 0.16 mg/g and 1.38% respectively. Extracted tallow complies with the CODEX standards except for acid and saponification value for edible fats but cannot be recommended for human consumption unless further investigations for mineral contamination are conducted. Higher saponification values lower the suitability of tallow for soap and candle production. Key words: Tallow, Rendering, Yield, Quality
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    Comparison of Properties of Vegetable Tanned Leather made from Imported Mimosa and Locally Available Tanning Agents
    (Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2013) Wijethunge, G.P.R.D.; Samaraweera, A.M.; Tharangani, R.M.H.; Wickramasinghe, W.
    Leather is a product produced by skins and hides that have been treated to preserve them and make them suitable for use. Leather is a major by-product of meat industry. In Sri Lanka, buffalo, cow and goat hides are used mainly for leather industry producing leather products such as shoes, bags, belts. There are two methods of tanning used in leather production such as vegetable tanning and mineral tanning. In vegetable tanning, plant extracts are used as tanning agent/ tannin and mimosa, an imported product at a high cost is used. In vegetable tanning process there are two types of tannin as catechole and pyragallol (Reed, 1972). Mimosa and tea waste contain catechole tannin and king coconut contains pyragallol tannin. This study was undertaken to find out the properties of locally available tanning agents as an alternative for leather tanning compared to commercially used mimosa. Methodology This study was carried out at the Ceylon Leather Products PLC, Mattakkuliya. Laboratory analysis was done at CLP and Uva Wellassa University laboratories. Cow and buffalo hides were used separately for the leather tanning process. Three tanning agents, mimosa powder, tea waste extract and extract from king coconut husks were used as treatments with three replicates for each treatment. her production process (tanning, bleaching, fat liquoring, drying and plating) was carried ). Tannin extraction from both tea waste and king coconut husk was done manually. King coconut husk was chopped to get tannin extract and tannin density was increased by boiling. Tea waste was boiled to extract tannin from the waste and increased density using high amount of tea waste. During tanning period density and pH of tanning media were adjusted at four days intervals according to the requirement. Tanning penetration and pH changes of the media was measured. Yield, thickness reduction, water absorption, hardness, shrinking temperature and tensile strength were measured in final leather. The sensory evaluation for softness, fullness and overall acceptability of final leather was done using 10 trained panelists. The sensory data were analyzed using non-parametric procedure, according to the Friedman test using Minitab 16 software. Complete Randomized design was conducted and data from tannin absorption, pH changes and properties of leather were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) procedure of Minitab 16 software. Tannin absorption was different with treatments. Mimosa has the highest absorption rate both in cow and buffalo hides (Figure 1). However, absorption rate was low compared to other day. But considering tea and king coconut it absorption was low at the beginning and then gone high and again low with the time (Figure 2). That could be due to type of tannin and purity of them.
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    Comparison of the Effectiveness of Fertilizer Produced from Tannery Waste with Synthetic Fertilizer for Plant Growth
    (Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2013) Asangika, H.L.T.; Samaraweera, A.M.; Herath, H.M.S.K.; Wickramasinghe, W.
    Tanning is a process by which hides are converted into leather. There are large amount of waste generated during leather processing. Among them fleshing waste, the removed flesh parts from the limed skin during fleshing operation are produced in large quantities (Rach et al., 1997). Animal fleshing, generated from pre-tanning operations constitute about 50 to 60% among tannery solid wastes that are high in protein (50.9%) and collagen (3.5%) (Anim, 2013). Conversely, nitrogen is the most important nutrient which is required for plant growth (Abubakar et al., 2004). Therefore, animal flesh can be used as a good source of nitrogen for the plant growth and this research was carried out to produce liquid nitrogen fertilizer from fleshing waste generated in the tannery. Methodology Flesh samples were collected from Ceylon Leather Products PLC at Mattakkuliya in Sri Lanka. Enzymatic and Alkaline hydrolysis were done separately to hydrolyze the flesh using Erhavit DMC (a proteolytic enzyme) and carbide lime, respectively. Carbide lime (6%), Erhavit DMC (0.4%) and water (200%) were used according to the weight of the flesh (5 kg each) for hydrolysis at 11-13 pH and 37 C and 5 g of bactericide was added to each mixture. Three replicates were done for each treatment and liquid extracts were collected on day 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 to measure the Soluble N % using kjedhal method. Liquid extracts which gave the highest nitrogen content (%) were selected from each treatment as liquid N fertilizer. According to the trials liquid extract from day 6 alkaline hydrolysate and day 10 enzymatic hudrolysate were selected. Selected alkaline and enzymatic hydrolysates, urea (positive control) and without any N fertilizer (Negative control), were applied to 14 days old lettuce plants (Lactuca sativa) to check the effectiveness of fertilizer. Equal quantities of phosphorous and potassium were added to all treatments considering the nutrient requirement of the lettuce plant. Four treatments consisted three replicates including three lettuce plants per replicate. Complete Randomized Design (CRD) was conducted and data was analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and mean comparison was done by Tukey test. Results There is a significant difference among the four treatments and number of leaves of the plant (p<0.05). According to the Figure 1 treatment one was the best because it gave the highest mean value (12.967) compared to other treatments while treatments. Similarly, there is a significant difference among the four treatments and height of the plant in the experiment. According to Figure 2 treatment two was the best because it gave the highest mean value (22.600) compare to other treatments.
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    Development of garment leather from Yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) skin
    (Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2015) Eakanayake, E.M.B.S.; Jayamanne, S.C.; Wickramasinghe, W.
    Leather is defined as hide or skin with its original fibrous structure more or less intact, tanned to prevent putrefaction (Covington, 2009). Due to tanning, skins that have been processed to prevent putrefaction retain its characteristics such as flexibility and toughness. Hides and skins from cattle, buffalo, sheep, pig, goat, horse, crocodile, snake and fish are used for leather production. When considering the fish leather, fish skins are used for production of leather after tanning and re-tanning processes. Texture of fish leather depends on pocket size of the scales. Presently, carp, pacific salmon, bass, sturgeon, shark, tuna, catfish, salmon, tilapia and several other fish species are taken for leather production. Garment leather is tanned with chrome and treated with softeners. The quality of the garment leather should be thin enough to use on garments and it should feels softer and smoother than any other types of leather. These types of leathers are made from the top-grain of a hide. Good stitch tensile strength and light weight are some other characters of garment leathers. Cow hide and skins from deer, pig and lamb are commonly used for garment leather manufacturing. But there is a potential to develop garment leather from fish skin similar to other garment leathers. The present study was carried out to add value to waste generated during the Yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) fish processing and promote a fish leather production in Sri Lanka through developing garment type leather using discarded skins. At present, hides and skins from cattle, buffalo, sheep and goat are used for leather production. In addition, fish species including carp, pacific salmon, shark, tuna, catfish and tilapia are taken for leather production in the world. The objectives of this study were to find out the best fat liquor percentage to obtain maximum softness of chrome-tanned Yellowfin tuna fish leather and to find out the best tanning method for garment leather production from Yellowfin tuna skin. Methodology The current study was carried out at the tannery of Ceylon Leather Product PLC (CLP), Mattakkuliya. Tuna skins were collected from the processing factory of Jay Sea Food (Pvt) Ltd in Ja-Ela. Two experiments were carried out to find out best fat liquor concentration and best tanning method. In experiment 1, yellowfin tuna skins were treated with 33% basic chromium sulphate and five different concentrations (12%, 14%, 16%, 18% and 20%) of fat liquors (on weight of pelt). In experiment 2, yellowfin tuna skins were treated with four different tanning methods (Full chrome tanning, full vegetable tanning and two types of semi chrome tanning methods - vegetable tanned skins directly tanned with chrome and vegetable tanned skins tanned with chrome after stripping with NaHCO3). Before initiating the experiments pre-trial was conducted to find out the optimum conditions for liming. Six pieces of raw skins were immersed in solutions of 0.25%, 0.5% and 1% Na2S, 6% Ca(OH)2 and 200% water (on weight of skins). One day after, skins were taken out and scales and flesh were removed. Then, skins were kept for another 5 days in a new 6% Ca(OH)2 solution. Weight and the physical conditions (scale pockets, colour and plumpness) of the skin were observed daily. After identifying the optimum conditions for liming 40 skins were subjected to 8 production process steps (liming, de-liming, pickling, tanning, basifying, fat-liquoring, fixing, drying and dying). Experiment 1 was done in fat-liquoring step and experiment 2 was done in tanning step. Then, the dried leathers were dyed and waxed. Finally softness, feel, tensile strength, tear strength and stitch tear strength were measured in developed leathers. Physical evaluation was done to check softness and feel by ten expertise. Tensile strength, tear strength and stitch tear strength were done using universal testing machine. This experiment was designed according to Complete Randomized Design (CRD). The collected data were analyzed using Friedman test and one-way ANOVA in MINITAB 16 and SPSS 22 statistical analyzing software to find out the significant difference between treatments. Mean separation was done using pairwise comparison.
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    Development of Leather Using Skin Tilapia and Tanning Fish Skins Using Vegetable abn Aluminum Tannis to Produce Chromium Free Leather
    (Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2010) Priyadarshana, W.M.S.A.; Jayamanne, S.C.; Wickramasinghe, W.
    Leather using skins of Tilapia nilotica was produced successfully by following the steps salting, scaling, fleshing tanning, drying and glazing. Chrome tanning was used at the preliminary production trials but due to ecological pressures on chromium alternative tanning to replace Chromium in leather production was attempted. A vegetable aluminum combination tannage has been studied, with special attention being given to intended final product. Aluminum is mineral tanning agents that are widely used to stabilize collagens in the leather industry. In this study, the cross linking of vegetable and aluminum, with collagens, have been explored. This kind of chrome free tannage give us leathers with shrinkage temperature around 125 °C, elongation at break 65.6%, tensile strength 38 N/mm2, and tear strength 98 N/mm. The objective of the present experiment was to evaluate the resistance of fish skins submitted to tanning using vegetable and Aluminium tannins without use of chromium salts. Skins were distributed in a completely randomized design, with six treatments applied in the tanning stage (T1 = 10% vegetable tannin; T2 = 10% Alum tannin; T3 = 5% vegetable tannin + 5% Alum tannin; T4 = 12% vegetable tannin; T5 = 12% Alum tannin; T6 = 6% vegetable tannin + 6% Alum tannin). Five repetitions per treatment were conducted taking leather as the experimental unit. For the tests of tensile strength, lengthening and progressive tearing resistance, an EMIC dynamometer was used. Tanning with vegetable tannin, aluminium tannin and/or their combination, as well as the levels used within each tanning technique, interfered with the traction test; however, they did not influence in the lengthening and progressive tearing tests. Therefore, the tanning techniques do interfere in fish skin resistance. When the tilapia skins were tanned and re-tanned only with Alum tannins, regardless of the concentration (10 or 12%), they showed a worse resistance to traction. When compared to the skins that received 10% of tannins (vegetable and combination tannins), they did not present any difference in resistance. Key words: Fish skin, Tanin, leather