Browsing by Author "Wickramarathna, I.L.C.S."

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    Ascertain an Optimum Temperature and Soaking Time to Enhance the Colour of "Maangu" Tourmaline
    (Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2018) Wickramarathna, I.L.C.S.; Jaliya, R.G.C.; Illangasinghe, S.; Diyabalanage, S.; Francis, P.
    "Maangu" is untagged stone in tourmaline group. The large amount of "Maangu" stones are found in Sri Lanka than other tourmaline verities. Since "Maangu "have less transparent appearance, they are seldom in jewellery items or any other decorative items. investigatig the enhancement of colour or change of colour of "Maangu" by heat treatment was the objective of this research. Heat treatments were done by using "Lakmini" furnace and electrical furnace, to identity appropriate furnace for industry scale operations. Samples were heated at 650 °C, 680 °C, 710 °C, 750 °C, 850 °C and 900 °C for 2 to 4 hours in oxidation condition to discover the temperature changes and corresponding colour changes. Results were remained unchanged after heating at 650 °C.A slight colour enhancement appeared in 680 °C. Slight brown colour enhancement appeared in 750 °C. The Brown colour started decreasing in 900 °C. Brown colour visually appeared in two samples at 850 °C. Xray Fluorescence Spectrometry shows that "Maangu" contain Silicon, Aluminum and Magnesium as major elements ranging 12-68%, 7-35% and 2-9.5%, respectively, while Titanium, Iron, Vanadium, Chromium, and Manganese recorded as trace elements. Final results show that no any significant change before and after the heat treatment with to Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer. As a conclusion, optimum temperature and soaking time to improve the hue, saturation and tone of the stone is 850 °C in more than four hours. Keywords: Maangu, Tourmaline, Heat treatment, Chemical analysis
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    Sri Lankan Tourmaline’s Inclusions and their Behaviors under the Gas Fired Heat Treatment
    (Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2019) Wickramarathna, I.L.C.S.; Jaliya, R.G.C.; Illangasinghe, S.; Francis, P.
    Sri Lanka is famous for gemstones since ancient times. Among them, Tourmaline plays a major role in a wide range of colours. Gemstones can identify from their physical and optical properties, such as refractive index, UV spectrum and the presence of inclusions. Heat treatment is one of the most common methods to enhance the value of low-quality gem stones. Natural gemstones could differentiate from synthetics or heat treated from inclusions trapped inside and their behavioural changes. Total of thirty brown colour tourmaline samples were collected from Ratnapura area and subjected to heat treatment process under oxidation condition from 650 °C to 900 °C using “Lakmini” furnace and observed under the ×10 to ×40 magnifications before and after the heat treatment. Out of thirty samples, twenty samples contained isolated, transparent tabular shape solid crystals and clustered solid crystals. Greenish black rounded and hexagonal plate-like apatite and bi-phase (liquid-gas) inclusions were noted in three samples. When stones contain a large number of solid inclusions it could be dark, therefore clarity drops in a significant way. Crystal inclusions could help to identify heated gemstones since after the heat treatment, crystal inclusions transformed into cloudy or partially melted sugar like crystals in most instances. Some crystals melted without remaining any clue. Apart from crystal inclusions, cracks were noted in eleven samples. Cracks looked like in continuous path and it was having a high probability to melt. Feather-like trichites observed in ten samples with different shapes and sizes. Trichites in natural stones were having continuous flow but after the heat treatment it appeared as discontinuous flow. Furthermore, tiny trichites fully melted during heat treatment; therefore, trichites also could use to identify unheated tourmaline from the heat treated.