Browsing by Author "Tharangani, R.M.H."
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Item Comparison of broiler chick performance in single stage incubation and multi stage incubation(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2015) Samarawickrama, H.W.P.; Tharangani, R.M.H.; Gamlath, G.A.S.N.Among livestock industries, poultry sector is widely spread throughout Sri Lanka. Chickens raised for meat purpose are broilers. In current broiler market, the competition is high. To face this competition, companies need to have strong production line with the companies. The main input of the broiler industry is day old chicks. The commercial operations depend on the hatcheries for the supplying of day old chicks. Hence, the hatchery should have considerable capacity to produce required amount of chicks to fulfill the demand using artificial incubation. Currently, the commercial markets have Single Stage (SS) and Multi Stage (MS) incubators. According to the specialists in the industry, the SS machines are more effective and efficient than the MS machine. To meet the competition successfully company need to establish an efficient machine type in incubation procedure. Therefore, the primary objective of this research is to compare the performance of broilers incubate in SS and MS incubators and to investigate the effect of SS and MS incubation on chick quality. The hatching eggs were obtained from Cobb 500 female × Cobb 500 male broiler breeders at 54 and 64 week old age. The collected eggs were graded using egg grading machine. The eggs weighing 63 g – 80 g were selected in present study. The setter trays were taken from top, middle and bottom positions from both SS and MS machines. Setter trolleys were set in the MS setter machine. After 18 days, incubated eggs were transferred to the hatcher baskets. At the transferring, the weight was measured and recorded. Weight loss was calculated. The hatcher trolleys were placed in Petersime hatcher machines. Chick pullout (hatch-out) was obtained at the 21 day of incubation. Live hatched chicks were counted and recorded separately. Thirty newly hatched chicks were selected randomly from the hatcher baskets. The hatch residuals were collected separately, stocks in egg trays and tagged them for break out analysis. Death chicks were recorded separately. Chick weight was measures separately in the replications by using weighing scale and recorded. Chick length scoring method was done to analysis chick quality. Breakout analysis was done using hatch residuals. Then chicks were sent through the chick grading and counting machine. Chicks were packed in paper laid plastic chick boxes as 50 sets and 100 sets. Chicks were vaccinated with IB, ND and IBD vaccines. Chick boxes were stock in chick room separately as SS and MS. Then chicks were transported to the boiler farm. Chicks were brooded at the closed housed using gas brooder. All chicks were given similar environmental condition, same floor space, feed, and water. Brooding, feeding and watering were automated. Weekly body weight gain, Feed conversion ratio (FCR) and weekly mortality data were collected at the broiler farm level. At the farm level, data were collected from SS - close house and MS - close house. Results and Discussion There was no significant difference between initial eggs set for the two machine types. The eggs set for the SS were had 69.73± 4.26 g of weight and 69.59± 3.93 g of eggs were set for the MS machine. Hence, there was no significant effect of machine type to the results obtained throughout the experiment. Yet, there was a significant relationship between machine type and weight loss. The highest weight loss was shown in eggs set in MS machine. Weight loss in SS machine was 9.1± 3.7 and MS was 11.5± 3.5 . The results obtained for the weight losses can be between 9 – 11% (Metzer, n.d.). The weight loss from SS and MS machines were lined within 9 – 11%. There was a significant different between two means (P < 0.05) of the chick weight. The MS incubated Day old chicks were shown a higher chick weight of 48.4± 3.5 g than SS incubated chicks (Table 01). According to a study, the chicks have divided in to three groups and they were 18.0 – 18.3 cm as middle group, higher than 18.3 cm as large group and less than 18 cm as small group (Table 01). A positive correlation between chick Length and chick weight was observed at day zero of age (Petek, et al., 2010). The SS incubated chicks have lower FCR with compared to the MS incubated chicks in days 7 and days 14. There was a similar mortality percentage (1.3%) in SS and MS incubated chicks in the first week and no mortality in the second week at the brooding. Table 1 showed there was no significant difference between hatchability and fertility.Item Comparison of Growth Performance, Yield Parameters and Nutritional Composition of Two Hybrid Napier (Pakchong-1 and CO-3) Cultivars Propagated at Boralanda Farm(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2021) Suhair, M.M.M.; Tharangani, R.M.H.; Ranaweera, K.K.T.N.The objective of the current study was to determine the best forage cultivar of the two Hybrid Napier (Pakchong-1 and CO-3) cultivars that well-suited to the prevailing agro-climatic conditions of the Boralanda Farm, Welimada, Sri Lanka based on the growth performance, yield parameters and nutritional composition. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design (RCBD) having 6 blocks, 2 treatment plots in each block and 10 replicates in each plot. After filed preparation, blocks were arranged according to the slope of the land. A soil analysis was conducted to determine the soil quality gradient across the blocks and basal fertilizer application was conducted after the land preparation. Two node cuttings of two cultivars were planted following standard recommendations. All the other agronomic practices following planting were kept constant across treatments. The number of leaves per plant, plant height and stem diameter were recorded weekly as growth parameters and plants were harvested 45 days after planting to record the fresh matter yield, plan height and leaves per plant. Further, the proximate composition of two forage cultivars was analyzed. The results revealed that the cultivar Pakchong-1showed the highest growth performance having a higher number of leaves (53 Vs. 44), higher plant height (105 cm Vs. 90 cm) and larger stem diameter (21 cm Vs. 18 cm) compared to CO-3 (p<0.05) at 45 days after planting. As a result of the higher number of leaves and plant height, Pakchong-1 showed significantly higher fresh matter yield (2.742 kg/m2) than CO-3. Although dry matter, crude fiber and ash contents were not different among the two cultivars, Pakchong-1 contained higher contents of crude fat (28.6% vs. 15.7% DM basis) and crude protein (20.5% Vs. 16.4% DM basis) (p<0.05). In conclusion, Pakchong-1 could be considered as the most suitable forage type among two cultivars in terms of growth characteristics, forage yield and nutritional composition to be used for ruminant feeding at Boralanda Farm. Keywords: Pakchong-1; CO-3; Fodder; DairyItem Comparison of Properties of Leather Made using Plant Oil and Fish Oil as Fatliquors(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2013) Dunukedeniya, D.M.H.E.; Samaraweera, A.M.; Tharangani, R.M.H.; Wickramasingha, W.The skin of animal which has been processed to retain its flexibility, toughness, and water proof nature is known as leather (Deluca and Longley, 2008). Leather is a durable and flexible material created via the tanning of animal raw hide and skin, primarily cattle hide. In shoe making process flexibility of the leather is very important. In addition to that leather should be water proof to avoid wearing leather clothes, shoes, hand bags and etc. Major leather making processes involves soaking, tanning, retanning, fatliquoring and finishing (Anon, 2011). Among the steps, fatliquoring is the most critical step in the leather manufacturing procedure. Fatliquoring is the process of introducing oil into a skin following tannage but before the leather is dried (Sivakumar et al., 2007). Therefore, this research was carried out to introduce Castor oil and Gingerly oil as fat liquors as a replacement for high cost fish oil. Methodology This study was carried out at Ceylon Leather Products PLC (CLPLC). The laboratory analysis was done at CLPLC and Uva Wellassa University laboratories. For the fatliquoring purpose, castor oil and gingerly oil were selected according to the lubrication power and unsaturation level of the oil. Then, the selected oils were sulfated using 10% and 20% sulfation levels (Anon, 2011) and were used for the fatliquoring purpose, where fish oil was used as the control. The wet blue of cow hides were selected which used for manufacturing of cow tung lining leather. surface area were selected and divided into five samples. After fatliquoring, retanning, toggle drying and staking was carried out for all treatments with equal time and relevant chemical recipe. Finally, the finishing of leather was done by applying color using hand pad and wax using spray machine. Finally the tensile strength and distention were measured using a universal testing machine and a lastometer, respectively. Then sensory evaluation was conducted to evaluate the softness, fullness, loose grain, oiliness in leather surface and the overall acceptability using 10 trained panelists. The sensory data were analyzed using non-parametric procedure, using the Friedman test incorporated in MINITAB 16 software package. Complete Randomized Design (CRD) was used and data obtained were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) incorporated in MINITAB 16 with 95% confidence level (p=0.05). Results and Discussion There is no significant difference in distension of the leather versus different fat liquors used (p>0.05). However, the highest and the lowest mean values for distension were given by gingerly oil with 20% sulfation level (according to the weight of the oil) and castor oil with 10% of sulfation level (according to the weight of the oil), respectively (Figure 1). Higher sulfation levels in oil resulted in higher values in distension due to increased penetration ability of oil into the hide (Anon, 2011).Item Comparison of Properties of Vegetable Tanned Leather made from Imported Mimosa and Locally Available Tanning Agents(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2013) Wijethunge, G.P.R.D.; Samaraweera, A.M.; Tharangani, R.M.H.; Wickramasinghe, W.Leather is a product produced by skins and hides that have been treated to preserve them and make them suitable for use. Leather is a major by-product of meat industry. In Sri Lanka, buffalo, cow and goat hides are used mainly for leather industry producing leather products such as shoes, bags, belts. There are two methods of tanning used in leather production such as vegetable tanning and mineral tanning. In vegetable tanning, plant extracts are used as tanning agent/ tannin and mimosa, an imported product at a high cost is used. In vegetable tanning process there are two types of tannin as catechole and pyragallol (Reed, 1972). Mimosa and tea waste contain catechole tannin and king coconut contains pyragallol tannin. This study was undertaken to find out the properties of locally available tanning agents as an alternative for leather tanning compared to commercially used mimosa. Methodology This study was carried out at the Ceylon Leather Products PLC, Mattakkuliya. Laboratory analysis was done at CLP and Uva Wellassa University laboratories. Cow and buffalo hides were used separately for the leather tanning process. Three tanning agents, mimosa powder, tea waste extract and extract from king coconut husks were used as treatments with three replicates for each treatment. her production process (tanning, bleaching, fat liquoring, drying and plating) was carried ). Tannin extraction from both tea waste and king coconut husk was done manually. King coconut husk was chopped to get tannin extract and tannin density was increased by boiling. Tea waste was boiled to extract tannin from the waste and increased density using high amount of tea waste. During tanning period density and pH of tanning media were adjusted at four days intervals according to the requirement. Tanning penetration and pH changes of the media was measured. Yield, thickness reduction, water absorption, hardness, shrinking temperature and tensile strength were measured in final leather. The sensory evaluation for softness, fullness and overall acceptability of final leather was done using 10 trained panelists. The sensory data were analyzed using non-parametric procedure, according to the Friedman test using Minitab 16 software. Complete Randomized design was conducted and data from tannin absorption, pH changes and properties of leather were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) procedure of Minitab 16 software. Tannin absorption was different with treatments. Mimosa has the highest absorption rate both in cow and buffalo hides (Figure 1). However, absorption rate was low compared to other day. But considering tea and king coconut it absorption was low at the beginning and then gone high and again low with the time (Figure 2). That could be due to type of tannin and purity of them.Item Determination of Growth Performances and Meat Quality of the Broilers Fed with Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a Probiotic(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2016) Macelline, W.H.D.S.P.; Jayasena, D.K.D.D.; Tharangani, R.M.H.; Song, Z.The study was carried out to find the effect of growth performance and meat quality parameters of broilers fed with Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC) as a probiotic that can enhance the gut microflora and gut health of the broilers. Total 1050 day old "cobb 500" chicks were divided in to 7 experimental units randomly. Each experimental unit consists of 3 replicates with 50 birds in each replicate. Negatively control group (Ti) was fed with only basal feed while other six test groups were fed with basal feed with different dosage (0.6%, 1%, 1.4%) of SC in short term (age of 151 day to 8th day) and long term (age of 1st day to 35th day) such as 0.6%SC long term (T2) and short term (T3), 1% SC long term (T4) and short term (T5), 1.4% SC long term (T6) and short term (T7). Average initial body weight, average final body weight, average feed intake and average Feed conversion ratio values were calculated and the birds were slaughtered and organ weight, carcass weight, breast weight, thigh muscle weight, meat quality parameters (pH, cooking loss and water holding capacity) and proximate analysis of meat were measured at the age of 35" day. Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance using the General Linear Models (GLM) procedures of SAS (2004). Highest average feed intake (3.31 kg) (p value= 0.0041) and lowest average body weight gain (1.80 kg) shown by T 1. Highest average body weight gain shown by T6 (2.07 Kg) and T7 (2.06 Kg) (p value= 0.0001). T6 and T7 gave the lowest FCR (1.49 and 1.54) and highest FCR gave by Ti (1.83) (p value= 0.0001). The highest liver weight (0.036%) (p value= 0.0166) was shown by the T6 group. T4 and T5 are the most preferable in order. T6 has lowest pH value (pH 5.5) (p value= 0.0091) and T1 has shown highest water holding capacity (78.89) (p value= 0.0002). So that broilers fed with SC shown significantly high growth performance than negative control group (T1). SC was not shown any significant effect on meat quality parameters, proximate results and internal organs weight. So SC can use as a good growth promoter of the broilers. Keywords: Feed conversion ratio, Water holding capacity, Broilers, ProbioticItem Effect of Calcium Hydroxide and Poly Aluminum Ferric Chloride Concentration on Water Quality Parameters of Meat Processing Plant Effluent(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2013) Rodrigo, M.J.M.; Abesinghe, A.M.N.L.; Tharangani, R.M.H.; Liyanaarachchi, B.As long as the world population continues to grow and demand for food products increase, there are number of environmental and health issues arising. Treatment of both solid wastes and waste water from the meat processing industry has been one of the greatest concerns of the worldwide agro industrial sector, mainly due to the restrictions that international trade agreements have imposed regarding their use and their environmental issues. Many types of substances, when discharged into a receiving body of water, degrade the water quality to such an extent that beneficial uses of the stream are no longer attainable. Normally meat processing plant discharges waste water with high biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), fat and grease content, turbidity and electrical conductivity (EC). Therefore, waste water should be properly treated before discharging in to the natural water body. Sedimentation and flocculation is one of the waste treatment methods which can be used to maintain water quality parameters within acceptable limits. Poly Aluminum Ferric Chloride (PAFC) is an efficient and cheap flocculent used to treat industrial effluents. However, the efficiency of PAFC is affected by the pH of waste water. Calcium Hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) is one of the alkaline commonly used to maintain pH of waste water (Hammer, 2009). Hence, this research was carried out to determine the appropriate dose of Ca(OH)2 and PAFC for the effluent treatment plant of a meat processing factory. Methodology The current study was carried out at the effluent treatment plant (ETP) of the Gills Food Products Private Limited, Wattala. Laboratory analysis was completed at the chemistry laboratory of Uva Wellassa University. First, ETP was studied well to decide the parameters that need to be changed in order to meet water quality parameters of treated effluent with Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) standards. Selected parameters (dose of Ca(OH) 2 and PAFC) were changed in two separate stages of ETP. Amount of Ca(OH)2 (Ca = 54.092 % (w/w)) was changed at first retention tank and amount of PAFC (Al2O3 = 29 % (w/w), Fe = 4.5 % (w/w)) was changed at the clarifier of the ETP. Laboratory scale preliminary trials were conducted (jar test) to select the effective range of chemicals. Laboratory scale preliminary trials were used for selecting effective weight ranges of two chemicals. The amount of Ca(OH)2 were changed as; 5 kg and 7 kg. The selected amounts of PAFC were 1 kg, 3 kg and 4 kg. Accordingly, there were six treatments as; 5 kg of Ca(OH) 2 and 1 kg of PAFC (T1), 5 kg of Ca(OH)2 and 3 kg of PAFC (T2), 5 kg of Ca(OH)2 and 4 kg of PAFC (T3), 7 kg of Ca(OH)2 and 1 kg of PAFC (T4), 7 kg of Ca(OH)2 and 3 kg of PAFC (T5) and 7 kg of Ca(OH)2 and 4 kg of PAFC (T6). Existing amounts of chemicals were used as the control (4 kg of Ca(OH)2 and 2 kg of PAFC). These combinations were changed once a week. Selected weight of Ca(OH)2 and PAFC were measured using an analytical balance (IND 221, china) and it was dissolved in 20 L of distilled water at ambient temperature. Ca(OH) 2 and PAFC solutions day of the week. The rate of adding chemicals was 150 mL per hour. Water samples were collected at 4 locations of the ETP. Those are discharge point from the factory, first collection tank, clarifier and final discharge point. Collected water samples were used to analyze COD, BOD, Dissolved Oxygen (DO) level, TSS, TDS, Turbidity, EC, pH, temperature and color absorbance for determining the effluent quality for each treatment. A Complete Randomized Design (CRD) was used for the experiment. Analysis of variance was followed by a mean separation procedure using Duncan’s Multiple Range test. Analyses were performed using SAS (SAS institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). The data obtained were analyzed at 0.05 level of significance.Item Performance evaluation of different broiler strains under environmental controlled broiler house in Sri Lanka(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2015) Abiramy, S.; Tharangani, R.M.H.; Chandana, S.Broilers are bred and rose specifically for meat production. Hubbard breed is mainly used to produce meat in large scale farms. They are imported from Europe. CIC farm is one of the large scale farms in Sri Lanka and they are rearing two different strains; Hubbard Flex and F 15 under environmental controlled broiler house system. The aim of this study is to compare and find the best strain in assessment of body weight, growth rate, mortality and feed conversion ratio between Hubbard Flex and F 15. May to 14 June 2014. Five hundred day old broiler chicks (Hubbard Flex and F 15) from hatchery were used in the total experiment. Each (250 Flex + 250 F 15) were considered as two treatments. Each treatment was divided into 5 subgroups as replicates as fifty birds per each. Separation was made without including automated feeder line by using plastic boxes. Before placing, initial weight of the premium category birds were recorded and then adequate amount of feed was given separately. According to the space requirement feeders and waters were used to each separation. Unlimited feeding was done throughout the study period (42 days). All the birds were vaccinated through drinking water against Newcastle disease and Gumboro disease. Same conditions and feed were maintained for each group. day. Average weight gain and Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) of bird was calculated during period of growing birds. Mortality, if any, during the rearing period was recorded. Feed intake was calculated as the difference between the amount of feed supplied and the amount of feed that remained at the end of each feeding period. Feed conversion (feed: gain ratio) was calculated as the ratio between feed intake and body weight gain every day. The experimental data were processed and analyzed using Microsoft Office Excel (2007) and Minitab16 software. Performances of two groups were compared using two sample t tests. Mean comparison was used to find the best strain in performance.Item A Preliminary Study on Developing a Feed Ration with Poultry Offal Meal for Young Fattening Pigs(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2013) Perera, D.S.R.S.P.S.; Tharangani, R.M.H.; Fernando, T.S.R.; Nambapana, M.N.M.; Jeewanthi, G.There are several important factors to be concerned when conducting a commercial piggery including feeding and housing. Feeding is one of the most important tasks based on meeting the animal’s requirements for energy and protein to optimize the growth performance and carcass lean content (Pettigrew and Esnaola, 2001). In general feed cost accounts for 55 % - 75 % of the total cost in any commercial pig farm (Ologhobo et al., 2012). As an alternative for high cost ingredients, some local feed that are inexpensive can be used in feed formulation for the fatteners which provide complete nutrition. Poultry Offal meal (POM) is one of the highly important feed stuffs available for the animal feed formulation (Hansen et al., 2006). Recycling of poultry offal waste helps to reduce the high cost of dietary ingredients and feeding that are associated with intensive animal production systems as well as to reduce the environmental and health hazards to human (Ologhobo et al., 2012). The objective of this experiment was to develop a ration with POM for feeding fattening pigs to reduce the cost of production and supply required level of nutrients. Methodology The current study was carried out at the Maxies & Company (Pvt) Ltd, Wennappuwa. One month old twelve fatteners were divided into four groups and fed with three experimental feed rations (Feed A, 23 % POM; Feed B, 20 % POM and Feed C, 18 % POM) and the commercial pig starter ration was given as the control feed for the fourth group. All three experimental feed rations were formulated with different proportions of POM and other ingredients as listed in Table 1., according to the swine nutritional recommendations of National Research Council (NRC, 1995).Item Quality Improvement of Stuffed Chicken(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2012) Shageetha, B.; Tharangani, R.M.H.; Nambapana, , N.M.N.; Delpachitra, N.; Hettiarachchi, , D.C.The stuffed chicken is a very unique kind of value added chicken meat product produced by the Maxies and Company (Pvt) Ltd, Wennappuwa, Sri Lanka. This product is center deboned and it consists of the wing and the drumstick bones only. It is stuffed using chicken meat gizzard with locally grounded spices and it can directly go in to the oven. Even though its flavor and nutritive value are there, thawing time is long and flavor penetration of stuffing materials inside the stuffed chicken is less when using an oven for cooking. The present study was conducted with an aim of improving quality by modifying the existing stuffed chicken preparation procedure. The controlled batch of stuffed chicken was prepared according to the existing stuffed chicken preparation procedure that is center deboning, sewing the neck part of chicken with twine, preparation of stuffing mixture, application of the stuff in to the carcass, sewing the tail part of the chicken, steam the chicken carcass at 90 °C for 20 seconds and storing at blast freezer at -18 °C which was adopted at the Maxies and Company (Pvt) Ltd. The product was oven cooked and sensory evaluation was done to check the organoleptic qualities of the existing stuffed chicken. At the same time, SWOT analysis and a market survey was done at Maxies farm shops. The experiment was done following the results of the market survey. in the experiment; few modifications were made to the existing stuffed chicken production procedure. According to the results, vacuuming and tumbling before stuffing chicken in the process of stuffed chicken production followed by cooking using micro wave oven has given better organoleptic characters such as appearance, aroma/ smell, taste/ flavor, texture/ consistency and overall acceptability compared to the previously marketed product.