Browsing by Author "Premathilake, S.N."
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Item Anticoagulant activity, antibacterial activity and toxicity effect of selected plant in Asteracea family(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2015) De Silva, H.S.U.; Wijesekara, K.B.; Premathilake, S.N.Traditional herbal medicine is used for maintain the health of people since ancient time. Herbal medicinal related drugs are safe and have fewer side effects. Due to that reason the usage of herbal medicine is popular in all around the world. Medicinal plants play major role in various types of medicinal activities (Ramya et al., 2009). Among those treatments medicinal plants have the wound healing activity and anticoagulation activity. Plants have the ability of management and treatment of wounds due to its antibacterial activity (Ukwueze et al., 2013). Various types of plant have the ability of anticoagulation and such plants claimed in the traditional system still remain to be scientifically investigated (Narjis, 2013). Among such medicinal plants Emilia sonchifolia, Ageratum conyzoides and Mikania micrantha have various medicinal activities. At the same time Emilia sonchifolia, Ageratum conyzoides and Mikania micrantha show some toxicity effect. Due to that reason it is necessary to identify toxic effect of these plants. Zebrafish eggs are used in toxicological and pharmacological activities due to its small size of fish and transparency of eggs and embryos. Changes in the morphology of development of zebrafish embryos can easily observed. Due to that reason zebrafish eggs is used as a toxicological model to test toxic effect of these three plants (Rahman et al., 2012). The aim of this research is to formulate and evaluate the antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus which is one of the major wound infective pathogen, anticoagulation activity and toxicity effect of these three plants. Methodology Plants were collected from university premises with the consideration of environmental conditions. Powdered plant materials were extracted with methanol, using Soxhlet apparatus at a controlled temperature. The extracts were concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure using rotary vacuum evaporator at 40°C. Various concentration of extract solution were prepared using stock solutions. Agar well diffusion method was used to test antibacterial activity. MIC was determined for extracts lowest concentration that showed more than or equal 7 mm diameter growth inhibition zone. Prothrombin Test (PT) was used measure coagulation time for test anticoagulation activity. Zebrasfish eggs were used as toxicological model for test toxic activity of three plants. Results and Discussion Highest amount of plant extract were showed by leaves part of each plant while roots were given lowest amount of plant extracts.Item Antimicrobial Activity and Toxicity Effect of Adiantum Capillus-Veneris(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2016) Abesingha, J.M.I.K.; Premathilake, S.N.Medicinal herbs are important natural resources that can be used against various infections. Adiantum capillus-veneris has been used in traditional medicine for centuries against various infections. The objectives of the present study were to study the antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and the toxicity effect of A. capillus¬veneris. Leaf extraction of A. capillus-veneris was prepared using the Soxhlet apparatus with absolute methanol as solvent and then concentrated using a rotary vacuumed evaporator. Using a stock solution of 100 mg/mL four different concentrations of crude extracts were prepared (50 mg/mL, 25 mg/mL, 12.5 mg/mL, and 6.25 mg/mL) for the antibacterial test. Well diffusion method was employed to study the antimicrobial activity and inhibitory zone diameter was also measured. Absolute methanol was used as negative control. For the toxicity test crude extract was reconstituted using distilled water. A stock solution of 1000 1..tg/mL was prepared and 500 tg/mL, 100 ps/mL, 10 tg/mL and 1 lig/mL solutions were prepared using this solution. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos were used as toxicological model and their coagulation, lack of somite formation, lack of detachment of the tail and lack of heart beat was used as the lethality indicators. The results indicated that methanol extract of the A. capillus-veneris have antibacterial activity against S. aureus and the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was 12.5 mg/mL (One way ANOVA, p<0.05 and Dunnett's test by 95% confident level). According to the Probit analysis the lowest LD 50 value received for toxicity test was 102 .tg/mL after 96 hours by 95% confident level. According to the results it could be concluded that leaf extracts of the A. capillus-veneris shows antibacterial activity against S. aureus at a very low concentration and they could be toxic with the increasing time duration. Keywords: Adiantum capillus veneris, Staphylococcus aureus, MIC, Zebrafish embryo, LD 50Item Antimicrobial Activity of Ageratum conyzoides against Staphylococcus aureus(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2013) Dilrukshi, P.A.D.M.; Premathilake, S.N.; Wijesekara, K.B.Ageratum conyzoides is a native annual branching herb, which grows to approximately 1 m in height and usually found open and abandoned areas . This plant is commonly used in traditional medicine, especially for wound healing (Sing et al., 2012). Methodswhich are usedinhealing wound infections include debridement, antibiotics, tissue grafts and proteolytic enzymes. However, these methods have major drawbacks and unwanted side effects. Recently there is a tendency towards the uses of traditional medicines as it shows the better cultural acceptability and better compatibility with the human body and also fewer side effects (Parekh et al., 2005). Fresh plant materials of A.conyzoides were collected and washed using tap water .Then they were separated into flowers, leaves, roots and stems and were air dried in shade for 7 days and powdered using mortar and pestle. The powdered plant materials were sieved and stored in airtight containers. Plant material extracts were obtained with 95% methanol using the soxhlet apparatus. Each extracts were concentrated and solvents were fully evaporated, by rotary evaporator (150 rpm) at 40 C. The obtained concentrates were transferred to McCarthy glass vials and placed under room temperature for complete dryness. Then they were stored in airtight vials under refrigerated conditions. Staphylococcus aureuspure cultures were collected from the Medical Research Institute (MRI) Colombo and from them liquid cultures were prepared using Nutrient broth. Then they were incubated at 37°C for 24 hrs. The powdered plant materials were measured into separate McCartney bottles and appropriate volume of the extracts were added to make a stock solution of 200mg/mL. Sterile nutrient agar plates were prepared and allowed to solidify. A 0.1 mL of liquid culture of S. aureuswas spread equally on the solidified nutrient agar plate. After one hour five wells were dug in each plates using a sterile cork borer (5mm diameter).Concentration series of extracts (200mg/mL, 100mg/mL,50 mg/mL, 25mg/mL and 12.5 mg/mL) were prepared and from them 0.5mLof extracts were added to wells in appropriately labelled plates. As the control 95% methanol was used. The plates were left on the bench for few minutes for the extract to diffuse into the agar and later incubated at 37°C for 24hours. After the incubation the zone of clearance around each well was measured using a metric ruler by taking measurement of the inhibition zones. Minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) was determined for extracts that showed less than 7 mm(<7 mm) diameter inhibition zone.Item Antimicrobial Effect of Seed Extraction of Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum) on Mouth Odor Forming Bacteria(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2016) Ekanayake, E.M.D.D.; Panagoda, G.; Premathilake, S.N.Halitosis is an unpleasant odor that emanates from the oral cavity and Chlorhexidine included mouthwashes are a generally well accepted and popular way of dealing with halitosis. However most of these mouth washes merely provide a competing and temporary smell that is capable of masking the unfavorable malodor and may contain harmful chemicals such as alcohol and phenols. Elettaria cardamomum is used as a spice and ayurvedic medicine since ancient times and could be used in mouthwashes due to their pleasant aroma. In the present study, the antimicrobial effect of E. cardamomum seed extraction on mouth odor forming bacteria was investigated. Hot water extracts of E. cardamomum were obtained and concentration series (10000 ppm, 5000 ppm, 2500 ppm, 1250 ppm, 0 ppm) were prepared. Bacteria samples were obtained from pockets of oral cavity and posterior region of tongue and cultured on blood agar under anaerobic conditions. Antimicrobial activity test and odor test were carried out for the prepared concentration series. Ten replicates were used for one concentration in antimicrobial test and two replicates for odor test. This experiment was carried out using well diffusion technique and mean inhibition concentration (MIC) was determined based on the inhibition zones on the blood agar plates. Odor test was carried out using test panel of 8 members and a 0 ppm solution (blood agar broth) was used as a control for comparison after growing anaerobic bacteria. Cardamom seed extraction was added to other solutions according to the concentration and anaerobic conditions were given. A significant inhibition was observed on oral anaerobes and the effect was significantly increased with the increment of the concentration (Pearson correlation, 0.934, p = 0.000). A significant odor change was observed when compared with the control (p = 0.000) and 10000 ppm and 5000 ppm did not show any significant odor (One way ANOVA, Tukey Multiple Comparison Test). According to the results it can be concluded that E. cardamomum has antimicrobial effect on odor forming anaerobic bacteria and 5000 ppm could be identified as the MIC of cardamom extraction for the inhibition of anaerobes which form halitosis. Keywords: Elettaria cardamomum, Odor forming bacteria, Antimicrobial activityItem Screening of Wood Rotting Basidiomycetes Fungi for Bioremediation Ability of Textile Dye Effluents(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2011) Hapuarachchi, H.A.V.T.P.; Wijesekara, K.B.; Premathilake, S.N.Note: See the PDF Version Sri Lanka is considered to be one of the world’s leading apparel producers. The textile industry utilizes large volumes of water in its processing operations and generates substantial quantities of dye containing waste water which is usual I y discarded into water bodies mostly without feather treatments. About I 0- I 5% of all dyes are directly lost to wastewater in the dying process and removal of color front effluent is one of the major problems that the textile industry faces. The presence of color in water tinder’s the absorption of solar radiation, thus reducing the natural photosynthetic activity, causing changes in aquatic biota. Furthermore, textile dyes pose serious health threats to humans due to their carcinogenicity and lead to mutagenic and toxic effects on organisms. Amongst many classes of synthetic dyes, triphenyl methane group of dyes such as crystal violet and malachite green are the most used iii the textile and dyeing industries (Bumps and Brock, 1988).The decolonization and degradation of textile dye effluent does not occur when treated with conventional effluent treatment systems (Murugesan et at., 2007). Use of microorganisms to remove dyes from industrial effluents or bioremediation is inexpensive and the end products of complete mineralization are nontoxic. Basidiomycete fungi produce an array of extracellular enzymes helpful in removing synthetic dyes from industrial effluents (Asana duct ml., 2005). This study investigates the ability of some selected Basidiomycete fungi to decolonize malachite green.