Browsing by Author "Jayasinghe, J.M.P."
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Item Determination of the Effect of Coconut Shell Extracted Carbon Monoxide on the Quality of Frozen Yellow Fin Tuna (Thunnus albacares) Products(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2013) Jayasinghe, J.M.P.; Wijesundara, W.M.N.M.; Liyanage, N.P.P.; Wijesena, G.K.C.P.K.Seafood provides the world's prime source of high-quality protein to the consumers and processed frozen and fresh fish products account for major portion of the diets. Prolonged shelf life and fine quality give the advantages to the frozen fish products in the market and bright red color is used as an indicator of high quality in yellow fin tuna (Thunnus albacares). Carbon monoxide (CO) either alone or as part of a filtered process, is being applied to seafood to maintain the desirable color attributes. CO complexes with the heme-iron of myoglobin, forms a stable red pigment, carboxymyoglobin. The heme-proteins are strong catalysts of lipid oxidation in muscles and reduced heme-protein may suppress the lipid oxidation and other off odour and flavour production (Faustman et al., 1989). CO or filtered smoke is capable of retarding the microbial growth of the muscle (Kristinsson et al., 2008). In Sri Lankan context, coconut shells can be used for processing of filtered smoke with CO. The present study evaluates the effect of coconut shell extracted filtered smoke, a low cost source of CO on the chemical, physical, microbiological and sensory quality attributes of yellow fin tuna (Thunnus albacares). Methodology The study was carried out in a specially designed experimental laboratory of the Global Sea Foods (Pvt) Ltd. Imported grade “A” frozen yellow fin tuna (Thunnus albacares) from 57 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) area caught by long lines was used for the study. Average thickness and weight of the processed steaks for the experiment were respectively 22±1.2 mm and 170±6 g. CO was extracted from coconut shells following the Kowalski and William (1999) (United States Patent 5972401) process of making super purified smoke using organic material. CO free, 15%, 30%, 45%, 60% and 75% CO concentrations were used as treatments and CO injected steaks were stored under 4 ˚C for 48 hours and subsequently individually vacuum packed. Complete randomized design (CRD) was adopted for the experiment. Random number table (SLS, 428) was adopted to select the steaks for treatment in five replicates. Treated steaks were stored under -18 ˚C for 2 days and frozen steaks were subjected to analysis for chemical, physical, microbiological and sensory attributes. 15 trained panelists were used for sensory analysis and standards and criteria that were developed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and U.S. Department of Commerce (USDC/NOAA) seafood analysts were adopted. All results were reported as means and the significance of the differences were determined by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by tukey’s tests for the comparison of data with 5% level of significance. Minitab 16 statistical software and Microsoft Excel 2010 (Microsoft Corp) were used for the statistical analysis. Results and Discussion Chemical, physical, microbiological and sensory quality attributes were analyzed to determine the effect of coconut shell extracted CO on the quality of frozen Yellow fin tuna products. Result showed that there was no significant difference among the histamine level of different CO concentration treated frozen steaks (p>0.05) indicating that decomposition of histidine in to histamine was not affected by the treatment of coconut shell extracted CO smoke.Item Determination of the effect of Coconut Shell Extracted Carbon Monoxide on the Quality of Frozen Yellow Fin Tuna (Thunnus Albacares) Products(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2013) Jayasinghe, J.M.P.Carbon monoxide (CO) are used either alone or as part of a filtered process to variety of seafood in an effort to maintain the desirable color and several other quality attributes at the frozen storage (- 18 °C). The core objective of this study was to determine the effect of coconut shell extracted filtered CO for the chemical, physical, microbiological and sensory quality attributes of frozen yellow fin tuna (Thunnus albacares) tuna product. Coconut shell extracted CO treated steaks were processed from the same lot of imported grade A tuna fish from 57 FAO and store at 4 °C for 48 hours after injection and subsequently freeze (- 18 °C) and analyzed for chemical, microbiological, physical, and sensory profiles. Coconut shell extracted filtered CO smoke treatment was significantly improved the cherry red color (a*) of the product which is appreciated by the consumer during purchasing, as well as lightness (L*) and yellowness (b*) by the CO concentration (p<0.05). Treated steaks recorded reduced oxidation with significant modification with increasing concentration of CO (p<0.05). Treated CO concentration of the coconut shell extracted smoke significantly modified the growth of the microorganisms in the frozen tuna steaks (p value<0.05). Total plate count (TPC) was significantly decreased with the increasing CO concentration in the coconut shell smoke. Furthermore, all other quality properties including firmness, histamine level and sensory profile have shown a similar pattern of change without significant modifications with CO concentrations (p>0.05). Both 60% and 75% CO concentrations in the coconut shell extracted smoke were shown similar (p>0.05) trend for several quality attributes. Key words: coconut shell, carbon monoxide, yellow fin tuna, frozen, products qualityItem Effect of Major Socio-Economic Factors on Dairy Cattle Milk Production in Maho Veterinary Region in Kurunegala District(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2018) Dissanayake, W.A.M.P.M.; Jayawardana, J.M.D.R.; Jayasinghe, J.M.P.; Samaraweera, A.M.; Mapitiya, D.A.Livestock plays a socially and economically significant role in Sri Lankan agriculture providing multi-functional outputs and supplementing family incomes for livelihood security. Therefore, the present study was conducted to identify the effect of major socio-economic factors and constraints on dairy cattle milk production in Maho veterinary region in Kurunegala district. Three hundred and fifty (350) farmers from Maho veterinary region were selected using stratified sampling. Socio- economic and production data were collected using a pre-tested structured questionnaire. Data were subjected to descriptive analysis and multiple linear regressions using Minitab 17 statistical software. Results of the descriptive analysis revealed that majority engaged in dairy cattle farming as a major source of income (58.29%). Of the total farmers, 78.29% practiced semi-intensive rearing while Jersey and Sahiwal were reported as the dominant breeds (38%) within the region. Average daily milk production was 6.20 L cow"' day1. Results of the regression analysis highlighted relationships between breed type, breeding technique, feeding method, concentration type, level of education of the farmer and experience in dairy farming with the daily milk production (P < 0.05). Fitted regression model well predicted the daily milk production (R2 = 94%). It disclosed that breed type, breeding technique, feeding method, concentration type, level of education of the farmer and experience determine the dairy cattle milk production. However, lack of high yielding cross breeds, less success in artificial insemination (AI), low quality pasture and seasonality in pasture production and poor milk collection network were reported as the major constraints. The key findings of this study might promote improving the factors affecting the milk production in Maho veterinary region.Item Effectiveness of Organic Fertilizer Produced from Tannery Buffing Waste(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2019) Namantha, S.A.D.; Jayasinghe, J.M.P.; Jayasena, D.K.D.D.; Nimesh, T.A.T.Buffing dust is Chromium containing solid waste generated during the leather processing which is considered to be a hazardous material and therefore, a proper treatment before discarding to environment is vital. Dechroming process eliminates the potential toxic Chromium (Cr+6) to non-toxic form (Cr+3) through chemical hydrolysis. Therefore, this study was carried out to develop an organic fertilizer from the buffing dust and study the effectiveness on Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) growth. Trials were conducted at Ceylon Leather Products PLC and in an experimental field located at Kaduwela, Colombo. Collected samples of buffing dust (3 kg) were subjected to chemical hydrolysis consisted of four steps and conditions for each step were optimized as follows, (20 g per 10 L sodium hydroxide and 400 g per 10 L urea for 0.5 h at 40 °C, 500 g per 10 L sulfuric acid solution for 1 h at 40 °C, 400 g per 10 L CaC2 suspension for 2 h at 30 °C and 500 g per 10 L sulfuric acid solution for 1 h at 30 °C). The final product was characterized by peptide and free amino acids and Cr+3 level was estimated using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry as 365.1 ppm. Field trials were conducted against Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) with four treatments of developed fertilizer (15, 30, 45 and 60 g,) and positive and negative controls under Completely Randomized Design. Vegetative growth (number of leaves, plant height and leaf length) were measured in weekly interval. Results revealed that 60 g fertilizer mixture showed significantly (p<0.05) higher vegetative growth; number of leaves (7.0 ± 1.4), plant height (18.8 ± 4.3 cm) and leaf length (9.8 ± 2.4 cm) compared to other treatments and control groups. Results concluded that buffing waste can be simply converted to an organic fertilizer and effectively used to enhance the plant’s vegetative growth which might finally reduce the possible environmental hazards due to improper discards of Cr tannery waste.Item Embedded System for Identifying the Quality of Grass Using Colour Patterns for the Sri Lankan Dairy Industry(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2020) Jayaweera, S.M.D.B.; Rupasinghe, P.M.S.; Eranda, S.A.L.; Ratnayake, A.M.B.; Jayasinghe, J.M.P.; Wilson, R.S.I.Sri Lankan dairy sector operates at its suboptimal level. Efficient and reliable technologies are needed to increase productivity enabling farmers to make farm management decisions based on accurate and current information. Precision farming technologies could be successfully integrated to monitor farm-grown pasture and make real-time decisions to optimize utilization. The present study is aimed to develop an embedded system-based method to efficiently monitor and utilize available pasture in dairy farming. A custom-made drone with F450 frame and Ardu pilot mega 2.6 was used in the study. The drone was tested at Uva Wellassa University and NLDB farm, Melsiripura. Flight controller was automated using the mission planner tool to fly at an automated waypoint flight of a Grid pattern. Drone mounted go-pro camera was used to acquire pre-processed images contained GPS metadata and webODM tool merged images with GPS data to produce a georeferenced output (Orthomosaic image). Developed shadow removal algorithm converted BGR to YCbCr color space and computed average Y channel and intensities. Subsequent process detected shadow regions and saved binary shadow images. Then the algorithm computed average pixel intensities of shadow and non-shadow areas adding difference with Y channel. Furthermore, the color identification algorithm obtained shadow processed image and applied the median filter (blur/Sharpened image) to convert color mode from RGB to HSV format. The image was color filtered based on identified color ranges of high yield grass. To identify overall color identification, an aerial map was marked by an expert in the field, subsequently algorithm processed image and marked image compared. Images were measured by pixels coverage of marked area and results provided a 90% identification rate through the algorithm. Results revealed, developed an embedded system-based method successfully measured field grass coverage compared with a manual method. Keywords: Embedded system, Pasture, Precision agriculture, Colour identificationItem Evaluation of Growth Performance and Nutritional Composition of Three Fodder Crops (Maize, Sugargraze and Nutrifeed) Cultivated in Omanthai, Northern Region of Sri Lanka(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2019) Meddegoda, M.G.I.U.; Jayasinghe, J.M.P.; Ranaweera, K.K.T.N.; Bandara, G.M.P.J.Feeding high quality forages is a vital factor to get high production from dairy cattle. However, rainfall is a key limiting factor in Northern region of Sri Lanka resulting lower forage production and higher variations. This field experiment was conducted in Omanthai, Vavuniya (8.8908°N, 80.507°E, annual rainfall 1434 mm, average temperature 27.4 C) during Maha Season (October–December 2018) to study the growth performances and nutritional composition of three fodder crops and identify the most suitable crop variety to the region. Three fodder varieties, Sugargraze (Sorghum bicolor), Maize 984 (Zea maize) and Nutrifeed/Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) were tested in a Completely Randomized Design with 3 replicates. A total of 10 randomly selected plants from each plot were weekly measured for growth parameters (plant height, number of leaves, leaf length and number of tillers) up to 60th days of planting for sugargraze and maize, and up to 45 days for Nutrifeed. Harvested fodders were measured for fresh matter (FM) and dry matter (DM) yield and subjected to the proximate analysis (crude protein, and total ash content). The results revealed that the Sugargraze (Sorghum bicolor) showed a higher (p<0.05) plant height (252.18±4.5cm) followed by Maize 984 (241.29±3.0cm). However, Maize 984 (Zea maize) resulted the highest FM (90.67±0.15 t ha-1 cut-1) and DM (26.76±1.39 t ha-1 cut-1) contents (p<0.05). Nutrifeed/Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) was significantly higher in number of leaves (60.00±1.66) and tillers (6.07±0.15) (p<0.05) but lowest in FM (30.13±1.69 t ha-1 cut-1) and DM (18.76±0.39 t ha1- cut-1). The highest crude protein content was recorded in Nutrifeed (12.65%) in comparison of Maize (6.33%) and Sugargraze (10.16%). Nutrifeed had the highest total ash (10.43%). These findings revealed that maize performed better in growth performances, however nutritive value was high in Nutrifeed cultivated in Omanthai, Vavuniya, Northern region under low rainfall.Item A Preliminary Study on Current Status of Dairy Cattle Farming in Mannar District(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2019) Dias, V.C.; Jayawardana, J.M.D.R.; Jayasinghe, J.M.P.; Ranaweera, K. K. T. N.Dairy cattle farming in Sri Lanka has a direct impact on income generation, poverty alleviation and provision of animal proteins to households. Hence, it plays a vital role in areas such as Northern Province, which is recovering from a conflict period. Therefore, the objective of the current survey was to study the present status of dairy cattle farming in Mannar district of Northern Province. The study was designed to assess the dairy farming practices and its constraints. A pre-tested questionnaire was used to collect data from 254 dairy farmers whom were selected using stratified and simple random sampling from 5 veterinary regions of Mannar district. The highest number of farms had local cattle breeds (89.37%). Sahiwal crosses (9.05%) and Jersey crosses (0.78%) were observed in less number of farms. Most of the farms (92.9%) used stud bulls for cattle breeding. Average herd size of cattle farms was 34 animals. Yet, average proportion of milking cows from herd was 35.34%. Major source of forages were from wild and roadsides (71%). Concentrate and mineral supplementation were given to animals only by 12% and 10% of farmers respectively. Extensive management system (66.9%) was observed as the major dairy cattle rearing system in the area. Hence, cattle sheds were not available for 62% of the farms. Average milk production of the area was 1.59 ± 0.442 L/cow/day. Significantly higher (P<0.05) milk production was observed in Manthai West (2.1 L/Cow/day) and the lowest was observed in Musali (1.3 L/cow/day). Even though most of the farmers (72%) had more than 5 years of experience in cattle farming, their knowledge level on dairy farming was observed to be poor. Major constraints identified were; lack of improved cattle breeds, poor knowledge level on dairy farming, lack of improved forages and poor extension facilities. In conclusion, to alleviate the poor status of dairy farming in Mannar District, strategies should be aimed to address aforementioned constraints.Item Prevalence of Pale, Soft, and Exudative (PSE) Condition in Chicken Meat in a Commercial Meat Processing Plant and Its Effect on Roasted Chicken Breast(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2016) Karunanayaka, K.A.D.S.; Jayasinghe, J.M.P.; Liyanarachchi, B.; Jayasena, D.K.D.D.Pale, soft, exudative (PSE) condition is a growing problem in the broiler industry and it results in PSE meat with pale color, low water holding capacity, and softer texture. Pre slaughter handling, post mortem factors, and genetics are the main predisposing factors contributing to PSE condition in meat. This condition affects the product yield and quality. The objectives of this study were to determine the incidence of PSE chicken meat in a commercial meat processing plant and to find out its consequences on the meat quality traits of roasted chicken breast. A total of sixty breast fillets were randomly selected and evaluated based on color and placed into one of two categories, PSE or normal. A total of 20 breast fillets (10 PSE and 10 normal) were analyzed for color, pH, and water holding capacity. After processing them into roasted chicken breast, cooking loss, color, pH, water holding capacity and texture of samples were evaluated. Sensory evaluation was done using 30 untrained panellists. The incidence of PSE meat was 70% in the experiment. The PSE fillets were significantly (p<0.05) lighter and had a lower pH compared to normal fillets. The negative correlation between the lightness and pH was significant. There was no significant difference in color, texture and water holding capacity when fillets were processed into roasted chicken breasts. However, results showed an approximately 3% cooking loss in PSE meat. Moreover, cooking loss and lightness values showed a significant positive correlation. Nevertheless there were no significant differences in sensory parameters among normal and PSE chicken meat. These results indicated that although significant color differences were not detected between PSE and normal meat after roasting, it may cause economic losses due to significantly higher cooking losses. Keywords: Color, pH, Water holding capacity, Cooking loss, PSEItem A Survey On Factors Influencing the Cow Milk Production in Badulla District(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2019) Ranathunga, R.A.P.; Kumari, K.W.S.N.; Jayasinghe, J.M.P.; Jayawardana, J.M.D.R.In Sri Lanka, dairy cattle farming is well known as a key subsector of livestock which plays a significant role in rural livelihood in both economic and nutrition. This study aimed to investigate the current status, constraints and factors affecting on dairy cattle milk production in Badulla district. 382 dairy farmers in 15 veterinary regions were selected by Multi-stage Stratified and Simple Random Sampling. Socio-economic, production and management practices data were collected using pre-tested structured questionnaire. Socioeconomic, production data were subjected to descriptive analysis and Regression analysis was performed to determine the factors affecting milk production. Results showed that 47.5% of farmers operate dairy farming as major income source and majority practiced semi-intensive system (93.97%). Male farmers dominate in dairy farming (57.7%) and an average age of the farmers and experience in cattle farming were recorded as 50 and 20 years respectively. Calves were weaned at age of 6 months and Jersey crossbreed was dominant (86.4%) breed. The highest (9.705±8.28 L/cow/day) and lowest (3.29 L/cow/day) milk productions were reported in Haputhale and Mahiyangana respectively. Best fitted Multiple Linear Regression (R2=59.63%) predicted, cows in heard, breeds, forage type, feeding method and amount of night feeding, mineral supplement, concentrate feeding and type of concentrate, availability of housing facilities significantly affected on the average daily milk production (p<0.05). Low quality forages and seasonality, less success in Artificial Insemination, lack of high yielding animals, high prices of concentrates, less availability of supplements and poor housing condition were frequently reported as major constraints for dairy cattle milk production in Badulla. Proper address to the constrains is a key to improve the status and livelihood of the dairy cattle farmers.