Browsing by Author "Dharmadasa, R.A.P.I.S."
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Item Adoption of Machinery in Tea Cultivation and Management by Tea Small Holders in Kalutara District(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2018) Karunathilaka, U.M.; Dharmadasa, R.A.P.I.S.; Premathilaka, K.G.; Nakandala, D.M.J.Use of machinery is a vital investment to enhance the productivity and overall performance of the tea industry. It is considered to be a better solution for the problems of labor shortage and high cost of production. The purpose of this study was to identify the factors affecting the adoption level of machinery. A sample of 154 tea small holders in Kalutara district was selected using multistage sampling technique. Data were collected using structured questionnaire and by interviewing the tea small holders at their residences. Data were analyzed using descriptive techniques as well as a Tobit regression model. According to the results of the descriptive analysis, overall adoption level of machineries is 12.73%. Small holders have higher adoption regarding pruning machine (29.22%) and TR1 selective tea harvester (20.13%) while lower adoption on Holing machine (7.14%), Fuel operated plucking machine (5.19%) and Battery operated plucking machine (1.95%).The Tobit regression analysis revealed that farming experience, gender, family labor, information by TRI, land ownership and yield positively affect the adoption level while educational level of the farmer, age of the farmer and time spending in the tea land negatively affect the adoption level of machinery. Therefore, more attention should be given on these significant variables to find the appropriate strategies for increasing the machinery usage by tea small holders in the study area. Awareness programs on machineries should be arranged frequently to improve the knowledge and awareness of the tea small holders in Kalutara district.Item Analysis of Factors Affecting for Decision of Intercropping Pepper by Tea Small Holders in Yatinuwara DS Division(Uva Wellassa University of Srilanka, 2011) Manupriya, V.D.T.; Dharmadasa, R.A.P.I.S.; Kahandawa, U.In Sri Lanka tea small holders in the mid country had been traditionally intercropping pepper, coffee and clove with tea for a long time. Among these, pepper is the most compatible crop with any category of tea in the mid and low elevations. The intercropping of two or more crops on the same land has a number of advantages such as better land utilization and reduced risk of dependence on a single crop. This study analyses the factors determining the adoption of tea based pepper intercropping and determine whether the income is affected by intercropping pepper in tea lands in mid country wet zone at smallItem Applicability of Estimating Evapo-Transpiration using Different Methods for Badulla Region(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2012) Withanage, N.S.; Dharmadasa, R.A.P.I.S.; Kodikara, K.M.S.Potential evapo-transpiration (PET) is an essential tool widely used in hydrological studies. The magnitude and the variation of PET are required for water resources planning and management, proper irrigation scheduling, assessment of irrigation efficiency in different irrigation methods and estimation of water supply requirements of irrigation projects. Owing to the wide ranging inconsistency in meteorological data collection procedures and standards, two types of PET equations have been used by different authors; empirical equations with lower data requirement and physically-based equations that require more data. The International Commission for Irrigation and Drainage (ICID), the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) have adopted the Penman-Monteith (PM) method as the standard way to compute PETfrom climate data. PM is widely used as it is predominantly a physically-based approach that can be used globally and that has been widely tested using Lysimeter data from a wide range of climatic conditions (Itenfisu et al., 2000). When the data are limited, PET is calculated by estimating the absent parameters indirectly from the available data to use in PM equation (Allen et al., 1998) or by the use of less data intensive empirical equations some of which are based on temperature (e.g. Thornthwaite, 1948; Blaney and Criddle, 1950; Romanenko, 1961; Hargreaves, 1975 and Kharrufa, 1985). It is generally accepted that empirical formulae may be reliable in the areas and over the periods for which they were developed, but large errors can be expected when they are extrapolated to other climatic areas without recalibrating the constants involved in the formulae (Hounam, 1971). There is a scarcity of accurate meteorological data in Uva Province of Sri Lanka for estimating PET using standard PM method. Therefore, this research was conducted to analyze and compare temperature-based methods with the standard Modified Penman- Monteith (MPM) method and to select the best equation/s which can be applied to estimate the PET of the region.Item Consumer preference for quality attributes of rice(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2015) Wijesinghe, W.G.D.L.C.; Dharmadasa, R.A.P.I.S.; Walisinghe, B.R.Paddy cultivation serves as the major coping strategy for 800,000 families in Sri Lanka. The average paddy productivity has reached to 4.3 t/ha in 2013 while the annual per capita consumption is 116 kg/year (DCSL, 2013). Rice remains as the staple food of the country and the consumers have different preference for different quality attributes of rice through which they derive consumer utility. Hence, it is important to identify the quality attributes of rice preferred by different consumer segments. This information is of vital importance for farmers to enhance the supply catering to the consumer demand. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to identify different rice quality attributes and their levels as valued by the consumer choice. Methodology The study was conducted in Gampaha District in 2014 with 63 consumers selected using stratified random sampling. Four quality attributes and three levels per each were selected using focus group discussion. A fractional factorial design (1/3) was used to reduce the full profile. Data was collected using Semi structured pre-tested conjoint questionnaire. The significance of the selected attributes was tested using ANOVA and part-worth utilities were estimated by a logistic regression. The relative importance of each attributes was also calculated. Empirical model Consumer preference is non parametric attribute. Conjoint analysis (CA) is the most widely used method to analyse consumer preference. A set of hypothetical products is defined by combining product attributes at various levels. Consumers are asked to evaluate their overall preference rating or ranking of the hypothetical products. The final step of CA involves choosing an appropriate composition model and estimating the buyer’s part-worth utilities (Harrison, 1998).Item Determinants of income diversification in Tea estates households in Badulla district(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2015) Hewavitharana, M.K.; Dharmadasa, R.A.P.I.S.Tea is the main foreign exchange owner in Sri Lanka. It shows that Tea industry is playing major role in national economy. Estate laborers are one of the major players in tea industry. Tea industry economically depends on sweat and blood of estate workers (Muthulingam, 2010). In initial stage of tea industry, laborers who were working in tea industry had estate income as sole income source. If it was sole way of income, the labor wage was very low. They had not enough facilities to engage with other agricultural and non-agricultural like income activities. Also management of tea estates was provided facilities to estate households to work only in estates. To improve the estate workers living condition, there is an alternative way called as an income diversification. Income diversification has talked world widely with various sectors. But, no any research has carried out on income diversification in tea estate households. Therefore, study of this matter is most important to the tea estate sector. In this study the income diversification and pattern of income diversification of tea estates households are considered in Badulla district. Materials and Methodology The Survey was conducted in Badulla district by using 298 tea estates households. Censored Tobit regression analysis method was used to examine the determinants of income diversification. In many research on income diversification have used censored Tobit model to find out determinants of the income diversification. In this research dependent variables are including value zero to high amount of value. Therefore for Tobit model is used for data analying. (Schwarz and Zeller, 2005). In this study three dependent variables are taken as estate income, other agricultural income and non- agricultural Income. Nine variables are used as explanatory variable. Those are age of household head, gender of household head, number of dependents in a family, number of male, number of female, monthly expenditure, distance to the city, years of schooling household head and loan receipt.Item Determinants of Manufacturer's Price of Silver Tips(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2018) Ekanayaka, E.M.C.P.K.; Dharmadasa, R.A.P.I.S.; Amarakoon, A.M.C.; Dissanayaka, C.Silver tips is a name given to a rare white tea produced in Sri Lanka for export market. Moreover, the price of this product fluctuates frequently. Therefore, this study is an attempt to find the determinants of manufacturer's price of silver tips, in the year 2016. Data were gathered using a structured questionnaire and interviewing the 50 silver tips exporting companies and 60 randomly selected silver tips manufacturing factories within Sri Lanka. Multiple linear regression model was used to determine the factors affecting the manufacturer's price of silver tips and descriptive statistics were used to identify the current situation of manufacturers in terms of silver tips production and exporters in terms of silver tips exportation. Regression analysis resulted that the number of years of factory experience in silver tips manufacturing in the year 2016, the amount of silver tips tea buds purchased for silver tips manufacturing (silver tips crop) in the same year had positive significant effect on the price set by the manufacturer. Moreover, the suitability of the weather condition for the growth of silver tips in the same year had significant negative impact on manufacturer's silver tips price. However, the descriptive analysis showed that most of the manufacturers produce very low amount of silver tips monthly, focusing more on manufacturing black tea and green tea. And also, silver tips tea is highly purchased by the Middle East countries. Finally, this study suggests to provide the knowledge, financial support and any other relevant contribution from supporting services for manufacturers to increase the production volume of silver tips in Sri Lanka. Therefore, it could be expected to increase the manufacturer's price of silver tips and increase the export volume of silver tips that exported to the foreign countries.Item Determinants of Replanting Decision by Tea Small holders in Badulla District(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2016) Dayaratna, G .D.T.G.; Dharmadasa, R.A.P.I.S.One significant issue over many years regarding tea small holders is the low replanting rate. Replanting rate of tea small holders is 0.8%, which is relatively a poor value. In accordance with national policy, 2% of the existing tea extent has to be annually replanted in order to maintain the tea extent to obtain maximum yield. With this context,this study was designed to identify the factors influencing on the replanting decision to find out reasons behind the low level of replanting in tea small holding sector in Badulla district. Simple random sampling technique was used in choosing the sample. Primary data were collected from 300 respondents in Badulla, Passara, Haliela and Etampitiya Tea Inspector (TI) ranges. The probit regression was used to identify the determinants of replanting decision by tea smallholders. The results indicate that age, replanting subsidy, cost of replanting, education level of household head, household size, and tea land size significantly affect replanting decision of tea small holders. More specifically, cost of replanting, replanting subsidy, tea land size positively affect replanting decision while age and education level of small holderand house hold size negatively affect replanting decision oftea small holders in Badulla district. The study results suggests that, increase in replanting subsidy and provision of credit facilities at a low interest rate should be considered vital importance in maintaining required replanting rate. Keywords: Replanting decision,Replanting subsidy, Tea small holdersItem Determinants of Rural Poverty in Sri Lanka(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2019-02) Dharmadasa, R.A.P.I.S.; Rathnayake, K.K.H.M.Reducing poverty is a major issue for Sri Lanka as many developing countries. Poverty can be defined as a household's inability to access wealth resources that are sufficient to provide for basic needs. The causes of poverty and their timely behavior are more important to understand the seriousness of the problem in a certain sector in a country. However, the existing data and information on the causes of poverty in household level are lacking in the context of Sri Lanka. Thus, using Household Income Expenditure Survey data (2009/2010) of Department of Census and Statistics, this study attempts to find the determinants of poverty in rural households by estimating Probit Regression model. The study shows that poverty status is strongly associated with the level of education of household members, household size and presence of local migrants in the family. More specifically, education level reduces the rural poverty whereas having local migrants in the household increase the poverty.Item Economic Impact of Green Initiatives Implemented in Tea Estates in Sri Lanka – A Study Based on Renewable Energy Utilization & Organic Cultivation Practices(Uva Wellassa University of Srilanka, 2011) De Silva, R.G.P.; Dharmadasa, R.A.P.I.S.; Vithanage, S.S.Note: See the PDF Version With the beginning of 21' century, the concept of "Green Economy" has floated-out in to main stream of policy discourse of almost all the governments in world (UNEP, 2011). Similarly by introducing Haritha Lanka Programme (HLP), Sri Lankan government has also taken the initiative to the process of greening the Sri Lankan economy. As far as tea cultivation has concerned as a key sector in Sri Lankan economy, several green initiatives (GI) have been taken through HLP to green the Sri Lankan tea industry, namely promotion off- grid renewable energy utilization in the manufacturing process through carbon offset projects, promotion of organic tea cultivation, introduction of ozone friendly pure Ceylon tea certification system and introduction of national green reporting system. Meanwhile renewable energy utilization in the manufacturing process and organic tea cultivation practices can be identified as more extensively diffused GIs in Sri Lankan tea industry, since other two initiatives have just introduced in middly of this year (2011). Infact positive environmental impact of these initiatives were proven, but still no significant study was carried out to find the economic impact after implemented situations. Therefore, this study was carried out to find out the economic impact of two major extensively diffused GIs, namely renewable energy utilization (GIL) and organic tea cultivation practices (GI2) in estate category of Sri Lankan tea industry.Item Environmental Valuation of Dunhinda Falls(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2018) Manawadu, T.I.; Dharmadasa, R.A.P.I.S.The environmental valuation for natural assets in Sri Lanka is very important now a days because presently natural resources are being destroyed. It can provide lots of arguments about protecting natural resources. Dunhinda Falls is one of the main natural resource of the country which is located in Badulla District. As main foreign and local visitors attracted to this place it is important to calculate total economic value of the Dunhinda Falls. Travel Cost Method (TCM) was used to evaluate the economic value of Dunhinda Falls. The objective of Travel Cost Method was to identify the net value of the Dunhinda Falls and identify the people's requirements regarding the water fall. A total of 30 respondents from the visitors who are from different provinces to this fall, were interviewed` using structured questionnaire. By using these answers the number of visitors from each provinces per year were calculated, and total visitors per year was gained. The estimated value for Dunhinda Falls for 2017 was worth LKR 7,743,892 (Sri Lankan Rupees). By applying the model, derived from the study can be used to assess the economic value by travel cost method of natural water falls in this region. It can be suggested to responsible persons to take correct actions to protect the valuable resource and take best actions to attract foreign and local people. It will help to increase foreign exchange and increse the living standards of people who live near Dunhinda Falls.Item Evaluation of the Adoption Behavior of Barn Automation Technology in Flue Cured Tobacco Industry in Sri Lanka(Uva Wellassa University of Srilanka, 2011) Perera, R.A.D.M.; Dharmadasa, R.A.P.I.S.; Abeysekara, N.N.R.Note: See the PDF Version Tobacco is a well-known profitable cash crop cultivated in different areas of Sri Lanka. Curing considered as the one of the major process in primary processing of tobacco. Curing of tobacco is done in barns. It was stated that stabilization of the barn in given temperature till end of each stage is extremely important to obtain desired characteristic. There are lots of drawbacks observed in manual barn controlling. To overcome these constraints after several years of successful experimentation one farmer introduced an automated furnace in year 2001. Introducing of an automated furnace was recognized as a revolutionary change by the experts of the tobacco industry. Therefore company expected to grater adoption rate with in a shorter period. Population of barn owners in flue cured tobacco industry is about nearly 2000 (BAT leaf system). However, the automated furnace has only adopted in 54 barns up to now. Therefore even after four years of implementation the expected progress in adoption to the technology has not met. Therefore this study was conducted to evaluate the different dimension of adoption behavior and identifying the determinants of non-adopter’s intention to use the automation technology.Item The Evidence of Agricultural Self-Employment Decisions Making in Sri Lanka(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2021) Bogodage, J.N.; Dharmadasa, R.A.P.I.S.; Senaratne, A.; Samaraweera, W.G.R.L.Development of self-employment in agriculture sector is one of the critical pathway to achieve sustainable economic growth and alleviate poverty in Sri Lanka. Distinguishing the importance, Sri Lankan government‟s policy framework is designed to supports the domestic agricultural sector especially, agricultural self-employment. However, the employed worker population in non- agriculture sector has surpassed the agriculture sector by absorbing the agriculture workers to both industry and service sectors. In consequence, there is a potential for these policies promoting agricultural self-employment might fail to generate the expected results. Therefore, this study was designed to determine factors influencing choice of occupation in agriculture self-employment. A sample of 9,531 self-employed individuals were isolated from the nationally representative, Household Income Expenditure Survey in 2016. A multinomial logit model was estimated to analyze different occupational choices of agriculture self-employment. Results revealed that males are highly tend to be self-employed in farming and fishery sector while females are in animal husbandry and value-added food processing. Well-educated individuals are less inclined to choose agricultural self- employment with the aim of engage in high paid-employments in both agriculture and non- agriculture sector. In addition, increasing members of household inversely influenced on choice of agricultural self-employment. Married women are more likely to be self-employed in value-added food processing. With the existing higher uncertainty, relative investment of owned tenure on agriculture self-employment is very low. However, except farming sector, land holdings showed strong negative relationship with self-employment in fishery, animal husbandry and value-added food processing. In addition, as household expenditure increases, the probability of choosing agriculture self-employment reduces. Moreover, being in a low financial position & inability to obtain required credit facilities are the main hurdles to be faced in land acquisition for the agriculture self- employment. Therefore, the study suggests that the priority given for the agricultural self- employment when implementing national policies is limited despite the overarching considerations and should consider enhancing access to agricultural lands, rehabilitation of left alone agricultural lands and facilitating credit especially to the new labor market entrants. Keywords: Agricultural self-employment; Choice of occupation; Determinants of agriculture self- employment; Multinomial logit modelItem Exporters’ Willingness to Adopt Tea Hub Concept in Sri Lanka(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2019-02) Niroshini, G.D.U.; Dharmadasa, R.A.P.I.S.; Amarakoon, A.M.C.As one of the leading tea growing and exporting countries, Sri Lanka needs to adopt new strategic decisions to strengthen the sector along with the competitive global tea market. As a consequence, the concept of tea hub has been introduced by the industry experts and some parties as a strategy, in which liberalization of tea imports for blending, value addition and re-exports could be steered. Nevertheless, this concept of tea hub has been a controversial topic in the industry with the argument on to make the whole country as a tea hub or establishment of a tea hub in a separate free zone within the country. The exporters are the major proponent of this tea hub concept as well as major party whom to be privileged from it. With this background, the study has focused on the factors affecting on exporters’ willingness to adopt tea hub concept in Sri Lanka and identify the most preferred hub model among exporters. The primary data were collected using a structured questionnaire from 41 tea exporting firms in Sri Lanka. The eight factors were used to measure exporters’ willingness on tea hub concept. The current status of importation of tea, bulk tea export volume and satisfaction on tariffs and non-tariffs affected on exporters’ willingness to adopt tea hub concept. According to the results of Probit regression, the current status of importation of tea was significant at 5% significance level and, bulk tea export volume and satisfaction on tariffs & non-tariffs were significant at the 10% significance level. The current status of importation of tea has a positive relationship with the exporters’ willingness to adopt tea hub concept, while the bulk tea export volume and satisfaction on tariffs & non-tariffs were negatively affecting on exporters’ willingness to adopt tea hub concept by exporters. This study concluded that the majority of the exporters (66%) are willing to adopt tea hub concept and prefer to have an exclusive free zone (55%) as a tea hub in Sri Lanka.Item Household Level impacts of Uma Oya Development Project(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2018) Bandara, K.M.S.; Dharmadasa, R.A.P.I.S.; Herath, H.M.S.K.; Withanage, N.S.Negative Effects on the community around Uma Oya Multi-Development project is a debating topic at present scenario. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to find out the specific socio, economic and environmental factors affecting the impact of Uma Oya Multi-Development Project at household level in one of the most affected areas, Bandarawela Divisional Secretariat. A total sample of 152 households was selected for the study. 76 households from the construction area were used to assess the real impact of the ongoing constructions. The remaining 76 households from the non-construction area were considered to assess the dissipating effects to nearby areas. The performed methods of analysis included frequency distribution, descriptive analysis, Mann-Whitney test and logistic regression. The findings revealed that distance to the construction site and selected areas for the study have a negative relationship with the household level impact. Further, the results suggest that the project has a negative impact on residential area of the households and the residences, water sources, and land extent of crops. The impact on non-construction areas and construction areas was compared through Mann-Whitney tests and the results revealed that there is a significant difference between non-construction areas and construction with respect to the farming status, water scarcity, damage to the the households, damage to the land, degree of crop losses and government assistance. It can be finally concluded that there are significant differences between tested construction areas and non-construction areas on the impact of Uma Oya Multi-Development Project in Bandarawela Divisional Secretariat.Item Identification of Factors Affecting Farmers’ Satisfaction with Tea Extension Services in Yatinuwara Divisional Secretariat Division in Kandy District(Uva Wellassa University of Srilanka, 2011) Perera, M.G.A.; Dharmadasa, R.A.P.I.S.; Thalagoda, U.Agricultural extension is a specialized system of extension education relating to farmers. We have to effectively handle the information so as to attain our goal of achieving 3 Ps i.e., productivity, profitability and prosperity. In developing countries, it is not the lack of technologies which is a major setback, but the rate of transfer of technologies from the point of generation to the actual users. Thus, there is a vast gap between the knowledge generated and knowledge utilized. Further, it is not only the transfer of technology that alone modernized agriculture, but the adoption of technology and innovation which is equally important. As the result of knowledge gap and adoption gap, there exists considerable amount of yield gap. Many farmers are not able to realize the full potential. To obviate this, the farmers should be educated and technology should be taught to them. At present tea smallholders sector is the main producer of tea in Sri Lanka. It produces approximately 74 per cent of the total tea (TSHDA, 2007). Many extension programs were implemented at different periods by Tea Small Holders Development Authority (TSHDA) but certain limitations still exist in the tea small holding sector. The existing advisory services and extension services among small holders are inadequate. There is no opportunity to express any of their problems and to obtain advice or discuss with a responsible person. Through extension services they are providing knowledge, technology as well as some other facilities. Although they are providing those things they do not know in which extent farmers satisfied with their services. The effectiveness as well the farmers adoptions mainly depend on their overall satisfaction with the extension services. Therefore, identification of factors affecting for farmers' satisfaction with extension service is important to increase the effectiveness of the extension services.Item Impact of labour Out- Migration on Household Income: A Study in Tea Estate Sector in Badulla District(Uva Wellassa University of Srilanka, 2011) Dharmadasa, R.A.P.I.S.; Deyshappriya, N.P.R.; Withanage, N.S.Note: See the PDF Version Labour migration from agricultural sector to other sectors in developing countries has become a trend as migration has a positive impact on households' income. As migration is a viable opportunity to better their economic status, family members who migrate often diversify the sources of income and risk their households. More in the context, tea plantation sector of Sri Lanka is now experiencing labor shortages due to labor outmigration from the sector. Low profile stigma attached to plantation worker and poverty among the workers has compelled them to migrate in search of better opportunities outside this sector. Migration outflows come along with certain monetary inflows. Remittances from migration increase the household welfare (Massey et al., 1993). In the long term migration and the remittances of migrants may play a large role in the household's development strategy (Rozella et al., 2003). Therefore, finding the impact of labor migration from tea plantation sector would offer a better contribution to the migration studies.Item Impact of Labour out-Migration on Technical Efficiency of Cinnamon Farmers in Kamburupitiya, Matara District(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2016) Belpage, P.M.; Dharmadasa, R.A.P.I.S.This research examines the impact of labour out-migration on technical efficiency of cinnamon farmers using a sample of 150 Cinnamon farm families in Kamburupitiya DS division, Matara district, Sri Lanka. Technical efficiency was estimated using a stochastic frontier function with a Cobb-Douglas model, incorporating technical inefficiency effect model. Results indicate that mean technical efficiency of Cinnamon farmers of the total sample is 77.61%. Still, there is a remaining potential to develop the output levels without increasing input levels by 22.39%. Land extent, labour and fertilizer cost increase the Cinnamon production and education of household head and household size increase the efficiency of farmers in the total sample. Mean technical efficiency of migrant households and non-migrant households are 95.05% and 75.27% respectively when considering no effect from migration. Nevertheless, the mean technical efficiency of migrant households decreases up to 73.74% after concerning the migration impact. Age of household head and extension services will increase the efficiency and experience of household head decreases the efficiency of migrant households while education of household head will increase the efficiency of non-migrant households. For the migrant households, even though 72% of migrants are sending remittances, it will not increase the Cinnamon production. This could be due to the fact that either over use of remittances on Cinnamon or not using remittances as an input for Cinnamon. Number of migrants has a significant effect on increasing the inefficiency. These results clearly show that migration has a negative impact on production and efficiency of Cinnamon. These findings recommend that family members should use remittances in effective manner to compensate the negative effect from migration and there should be actions to reduce the number of migrants from that area. Keywords: Out-migration, Technical efficiency, Cinnamon farmers, Stochastic frontier analysisItem The Impact of Migration and Remittances on Education of Children Left-behind: Evidence from Rural Sector of Sri Lanka(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2018) Jayalath, J.I.U.; Dharmadasa, R.A.P.I.S.; Rathnayake, ,K.K.H.M.; Herath, H.M.T.R.World literature supports the view that labor migration and remittances play a significant role in children's education of families left-behind although such evidence from Sri Lanka is lacking. Therefore, by taking a nationally representative sample of rural sector households of Sri Lanka, this study investigates the impact of migration and remittances on school enrollment of children left-behind. The data for this are coming from Department of Census and Statistics and they were analyzed using probit models. The results suggests that having an internal migrant or/ and an international migrant in rural households increase the propensity of school enrollment. However, with respect to the receipt of remittances, only internal remittances play a significant role in school enrolment.Item Impact of Migration Remittance on Consumption Expenditure Pattern in Tea Estate Households(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2016) Ekanayake, B.M.S.K.; Dharmadasa, R.A.P.I.S.Migration can be identified as the flow or movement of people from the place of origin to the other surrounding, whether inside or outside the country for various reasons. In recent years, the outflow of Sri Lankan workers has shown an increasing trend. Sri Lanka is predominantly an agricultural country and Tea sector receives the highest priority in its development agenda. Due to labour migration, Sri Lankan Tea sector faces many consequences such as scarcity of labour. The migration remittance that they send can make several impacts on consumption expenditure pattern of labour households. Therefore, this research has been conducted to determine the effect of remittances on expenditure pattern of tea estate households in Badulla district collecting data from six tea estates. The sample consists of 205 estate worker households and 114 of them were migrant households. Data were collected by using a self-developed questionnaire covering consumption details and other demographic characteristics of the households. The data were analyzed using Working - Leser model within the Engle's curve framework. Ordinary least square (OLS) regression technique was used to estimate the model. OLS results indicate that remittances negatively contributes to food expenditure and expenditure on utilities and positively to non — food expenditure. This implies that migration and remittances are used as a short term coping strategies and hardly used as stepping-stone to productive investment options. Keywords: Consumption pattern, Migration and remittance, Ordinary least square regression, Tea estate households, Working - lesser modelItem Impact of Socio-economic Status of Tea Smallholders on the Production of Tea Lands in Passara Tea Inspector (TI) Range(Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, 2018) Yapa, Y.M.S.K.B.; Premathilake, K.G.; Dharmadasa, R.A.P.I.S.; Thalagoda, U.Contribution of smallholders to the Sri Lankan tea sector is higher than the plantation sector. Knowing the socio-economic status helps find the strategies for improving smallholder's living conditions and their production. This study was undertaken to assess the impact of socio-economic status of tea small holders in the Passara tea inspector range on the production of their tea lands and also to identify the constraints faced by them in socio-economic upliftment. Data were collected from randomly selected 150 smallholders who are registered in five smallholding development societies out of 15 societies in Passara area by using a structured questionnaire through a face to face interview. Descriptive statistics and regression techniques were used to analyze the data. Simple linear regression results revealed that gender, education level, farming experience of the smallholder, monthly fertilizer cost and farm size positively affect the production while marital status of the smallholder negatively affect the production. Major constraints faced by the smallholders are poor infrastructure facilities, high cost for children's education, high cost of field operations, and pest and disease attack on tea cultivation. Proper extension services and field training programmes are suggested to offer them to gain their knowledge and experience on proper field practices. Continuously providing sufficient amount of fertilizer allowance and supplying of credit facilities are also needed. Infrastructure facilities should be developed in the Passara area. Various social organizations and societies should come forward to improve the socio-economic status of the small scale tea growers.